EHN ASY A
1904
l!V
W. M. FLINDERS PETRI E
HoK. U.C.L., LL.D., LiiT.U., Ph.D.,
P.K.S., K.D.A., Hon. F.S.A. (Scot.)
MEMBER OV THE ROVAI, IBISH .ACADEMY;
MEMBER OF THE IMPERIAL GERMAN ARCIIAEOLOGICAI, INSTITUTE;
CORRESPONDING MEMBER OF THE SOCIETY OF ANTHROPOLOGY, r.ERMN;
ME.MBER OK THE ROMAN SOCIETY OF ANTHROPOLOGY;
MEMBER OF THE SOCIETY OP NORTHERN ANTIQUARIES;
EDWARDS PROFESSOR OF EGYPTOLOGY, UNIVERSITY COLLEGE, LONDON.
With Gha2iters by
F. Ll. GRIFFITH, F.S.A., and C. T. CURRELLY, M.A.
TWENTY-SIXTH JIEMOIR OF
THE EGYPT EXPLORATION FUND
PUBLISHED BY OttDEIi OF THE COMMITTEE
LONDON
SOLD AT
The offices OF THE EGYPT EXPLORATION FUND, 37, Gkeat Russell Street, W.C.
AND Pierce Buildi.vg, Copley Squake, Boston, Mass., U.S.A.
AND BY KEGAN PAUL, TRENCH, TRUBNER & CO.. Dryden House, Vi, Gekrard Street, Soho, W.
B. QUARITCH, 15, Piccadilly, W. : AS HER &, CO., 13, Bedford Street, Covent Gabde.v, W.C.
AND HENRY FROWDE, Amen Corner, B.C.
1905
I
'mmim
- \
/oJ'
GOLD STATUETTE OF HERSHEFI
WITH NAME OF IMEFERKARA PEF-DUBAST
TEMPLE OF EHNASYA DOUBLE SIZE
XXlll DYNASTY
EHN AS Y A
1904
BY
W. M. FLINDERS J^ETRIE
Hon. D.C.L., LL.D., Litt.D., Ph.D.,
P.R.S., F.B.A., Hon. P.S.A. (Scot.)
MEMBER OF THE KOYAL IRISH ACADEMY ;
MEMBER OF THE IMPERIAL GERMAN ARCHAEOLOGICAL IN-STITUTE ;
CORRE.SPONDING MEMBER OF THE SOCIETY OF ANTHROPOLOGY, BERLIN;
MEMBER OF THF. ROMAN SOCIETY OP ANTHROPOLOGY;
MEMBER OF THE SOCIETY OP NORTHERN ANTIQUARIES;
EDWARn.S PROFESSOR OF EGYPTOLOGY', UNIVERSITY COLLEGE, LONDON.'
WifJi Chapters by
F. Ll. GRIFFITH, F.S.A., and C. T. CURRELLY, :\r..V.
TWENTY-SIXTH MEMOIR OF
"^ THE EGYPT EXPLORATION FUND
LONDON
SOLD AT
The offices OF THE EGYPT EXPLOEATION FUND, 37, Gke.\t Russell Street, W.C.
AND 8, Beacon Street, Boston, Mass., U.S.A.
AND BY KEGAN PAUL, TRENCH, TRUBNER & CO., Dryden House, 43, Gerrakd Street, Soho. W.
B. QUARI'ICII, \o. I'lciAi.n.Lv, \V. ; ASUER & CO., 13, Bedford Street, Covent Garden, W'.V.
AND DENRY FROWUE, Amen Cornee, E.G.
190;-)
LONDON :
PRINTKD BV (UIBERT AND RIVINCTON LIMITKn,
ST. John's house, clerkenwkll.
EGYPT EXPLORATION FUND.
Iprcsificiit.
SIR JOHN EVANS, K.C.li., D.C.L., LL.D., F.E.S., V.P.S.A.
Wicc=ipresi5ciits.
The Et. Hon. Thk Eakl of Ceowee, G.C.B., G.C.M.G., K.C.S.I. (Egypt).
Genee.\l Loed GiiBNFELL, G.C.B., G.C.M.G.
SiE E. Maunde-Thoupson, K.C.B., D.C.L.,
LL.D.
The Rev. Peof. A. H. Sayce, M.A., LL.D.
The Hon. Ghas. L. Hutchinson (U.S.A.).
Peof. G. Masi'euo, D.C.L. (Prance).
Pkof. Ad. Ekman, Ph.D. (Germany).
JosiAH Mullens, Esq. (Australia).
1bon. Jlrcasurcts.
H. A. Geuebee, Esq., F.S.A. Gaedner M. Lane, Esq. (U.S.A.).
Iboii. Secretaries.
.1. S. Cotton, Esq., M.A. John Ellerton Lodge, Esq. (U.S.A.
/iftcmbers ot Committee.
T. H. Baylis, Esq., M.A., K.C., V.D.
C. P. MoBERLY Bell, Esq.
J. R. Carter, Esq. (U.S.A.).
SoMERs Clarke, Esq., F.S.A.
W. E. Crum, Esq., M.A.
Louis Dyer, Esq., M.A. (for U.S.A. Com'").
Arthur John Evans, Esq., M.A., F.R.S.
Prof. Ernest A. Gardner, M.A.
P. Ll. Griffith, Esq., M.A., F.S.A.
P. G. Kenyon, Esq., M.A., Litt.D.
Prop. Alexander Macalistkr, M.D.
Mrs. McClure.
The Rev. W. MacGregor, M.A.
C. McIlv.une, Esq. (U.S.A.).
The M.\rqubss of Northampton.
Francis Wm. Percival, Esq., M.A., F.S.A.
F. G. Hilton Price, Esq., Dir.S.A.
Sir Herbert Thompson, Bart.
Mrs. Tiraed.
Emanuel M. Underdown, Esq., K.C.
John Ward, Esq., F.S.A.
E. TowRY Whyte, Esq., M.A., F.S.A.
Major-General Sir Charles W. Wilson,
K.C.B., K.C.M.G., P.E.S.
CONTENTS.
Introduction.
SECT.
1. Pi-Qspects of work . . . .
2. Pei'suual ......
3. Sites of the work . . . .
CHArTEH I.
The Site Before the Te.mple.
4. Tlie earlier houses ....
5. Date of first temple ....
6. liurifils before the temple .
CHAPTER II.
The Temi'ee of the XIItii Dynasty.
7. Levels of first temple .
8. Levels of Tahutmes III.
9. Levels oi' liamessu II.
10. Levels of later temples
11. Plan of first temple .
12. Lintels of first temple
CHAPTER III.
The Te.mpee of the XVIIIth Dynasty.
13. Outlines (h-a\vn .....
14. Dimensions .....
15. Portico .....
CHAPTER IV.
The Temi'i.e of the XLXth Dynasty.
16. The court and colossi .
17. Tlie triads . . . . . .
PAGE
1
1
9
SECT.
18. Tile portico
19. Tlie halls .
CHAPTER V.
The Later Ticmfles.
CHAPTER VL
Descrii'Tion of Plates and Object
30. i. The gold statuette
31. ii-x. The views
32. xi-xiv. Xllth Dynasty sculpture
j 33, xvxxvi. IJauiesside sculpture .
i 34, xxvii-xxviii. Later sculpture .
8 ! 35. Iron tools and small objects
8 36. Plans of houses and views .
CHAPTER VIL
The Roman Houses.
37. Nature of the town
9 ' 38, Houses of llird century a.d.
9 39. Houses of lA'th century a.d.
PAGE
lu
II
20.
Levels .....
12
21.
Dates .....
12
22,
The portico ....
12
23.
Dimensions of columns
!?,
24.
Drums under columns
1.5
25.
Statues in/ portico
]')
26.
Hypostyle Hall ....
1.5
27.
Back halls ....
l(\
28,
XXXth Dynasty and Roman
17
29.
Destruction of temjile
17
]8
1!)
19
20
22
23
24
26
26
27
CONTENTS.
SECT.
40. Houses of Vtli century a.d.
41. Houses of Vllth century a.d.
42. Houses of Vlllth century a.d.
CHAPTER VIII.
The I'oTTEUY.
43. Dishes, cups, &c.
44. Handled vases .
PAGE
27
28
28
30
3U
CHAPTER IX.
The Cemetkkies of Sedment and Cuuob.
(By C. T. Cukrelly.)
Sedmeid.
45. The known tombs
46. Tavo Roman cemeteries
47. Scattered southern tombs .
32
32
32
Guroh.
48. Encrusted tombs
SECT.
49. Pottery coffins .
50. Roman burials .
51. The hillock tombs
52. Animal heads .
53. The plunderers' leavings .
54. Roman and Christian tombs
55. Prehistoric tombs
56. The animal cemetery .
33
PAGE
33
34
34
34
34
34
35
35
CHAPTER X.
Tue Sri'E OF BuTo.
(By W. M. F. Petrie and C. T. Cui;.uelly.)
57. The town .
58. The temple
59. The change of level
60. Position of cemetery
61. Careless burials .
62. Roman coffins .
Index
36
36
37
38
38
38
39
LIST OF PLATES
WITH REFERENCES TO THE PAGES ON WniCII THEY ARE DESCRIBED.
PLATE
T. Gold Statuette of Hershefi .....
II. Temple. Views to South aud Xorth
III. ,, looking East across Court aud Hypostyle Hall
IV. Buildings and graves under Xlth D^^uastv temple
V. Temple of Xlltli Dynasty .....
VI. Temples of XVIIIth-XIXth Dynasty .
VII. Templeof XX Illrd- XX Xth Dynasty .
\'in. „ Ramessu II, restored elevation and plan
IX. „ of various dates, Xllth-XXXth Dynasty .
< IXa. Objects from graves under Xltli Dynasty temple .
X. Court witli facade, pedestals, &c. ....
XI. Sculptured blocks from Temples, Vltli-XXIXth Dynasty
XII. Scenes from Vth Dvnastv tomi) ....
XIII. Granite lintels and jambs, XUtli Dynasty
XIV. Fragments of Senusert III and Amenerahat III
XV. Cornice, Xllth Dynasty and Ramessu II
XVI. Akhenaten base ; drums and jambs of Ramessu 11 .
XVII. Sandstone front wall, XI. Xth Dynasty .
XVIII. Granite architraves ......
XIX. Throne of statue of Ramessu II ....
XX. Sedheb Festival of Ramessu II ....
XXI. Shrine of Ramessu II .
XXII. Goddess Xekhel), XIX th Dynasty .
.X .X 1 1 1 . Ramessu II receiving offerinffs
XXV.* Cornice, group of offerings, &c
XXVr. Head and inscription of Ramessu II
X XV 1 1 . Steles of X I Xth- X X I Ind Dynasty
XXVIII. Hakor shrine and Gra'co-Romnn inscriptions
X.XIX. Ii'nii tools, Illrd Centui'v a.d. ....
XXX. KoiiKiii [ilaics, ciqjs and jars . ....
PAGE
Front'isfiece 1 8
19
19
\
ch. i-v
8
19
5,
19
20
20
20
20
1.5,
20
1",
21
1(1,
21
21
22
20,
22
22
22
22
22
22
IT,
2;)
23
30
There is no plate XXIV.
LIST OF PLATES.
PLATE
XXXI.
XXXII.
XXXIII.
XXXIV.
XXXV.
XXXVI.
XXXVII.
XXXVIII.
XXXIX.
XL.
XLI.
XLII.
XLIII.
.\1JV.
Roman jars, cooking-pots and jugs
„ one- and two-handled bottles .
Roman bottles and amphoras
„ amphoras .....
Plans of Roman Houses
XVII Itli Dynasty pottery from Sodmont
Scarabs, &c., XVIIIth-XIXth Dynasty
XlXth Dynasty stele and shabtis .
Roman objects from Gurob .
Buto, temenos and town
Sketch plans of Ehnasya and Buto
PAGE
30
30
30
30
24
24
24
24
24,
33, 35
24, 35
25
25,35
25,
36, 37
20,
25, 36
EHNASYA
INTKODUCTION.
1. When last year the continuance of my re-
seai'ches in the early liistoi-y was closed, by the
refusal of the Egyptian Archaeological Com-
mittee to allow English work at Saqqara, I was
obliged to turn to a site at which we had only
intended that ]\Ir. Currelly should do some
minor work. Dr. Naville had spent a season at
Ehnasya (or Ahnas) in 1891, and stated " We
thus cleared what I believe to be all that is
still extant of the great temple of Arsaphes."
I had therefore no wish to embark for another
season's work in that site ; but, as being all that
we could have, it was necessary to make the
best of it.
I had in 1897 suspected that the region
already cleared was only a part of the temple.
And we proved it this year, by clearing not
onlv a space as large again as Dr. Naville's hall,
behind that ; but also discovering a great court,
much larger than the hall, in front of it. The
history of a great temple of several successive
ages of building is always an intei'csting sub-
ject ; and as we found in it wliat is perhaps
the finest gold statuette, and the finest granite
triad, yet known, the work was well worth
doing, tliough we could not recover more of
the early history, as I had hoped would be
permitted.
2. Our party consisted of my ^\'ife, Mj-.
Currelly and Mv. Ayrton. But very soon ^Ir.
Currelly left with Mr. Loiit to search the desert
for the cemetery, gradually moving down to my
old quarters at Gurob. Afterwards Mr. Currelly
went to Buto, where my wife and I joined him
for a week after leaving our own work. At
Ahnas, as it has been called, or Ehnasya, as the
people really name it, we were living in the
midst of the cultivated plains. Our mud-brick
huts did not dry for weeks, our clothes were
wet every morning with the damp aii', and a
great rain storm flooded all our premises with
some inches of water. It was not till late in the
season that the land began to feel like Egypt.
AVc had continual trouble with the contractor
who annually i)urchases from the Antiquity
Department the right to destroy the Roman
buildings for l)ricks. The whole of the walls of
lloinan age are mined out by long underground
bun-ows; and tlie large piles of red bricks
tin-own up for sale to distant places, show the
sites of churches and mansions of which no one
will ever know more. This contractor claimed
to destroy immediately all the walls we un-
covered, and incessant feuds, alarms, and nightly
plunderings went on. At last I confiscated all
the tools of any men caught in our workings.
After getting half a dozen picks and baskets,
and facing out a long discussion with a pre-
varicating assembly of parties interested, my
work was left in comparative peace. The
onifleh of Ehnasya behaved in a reasonable
and friendly manner throughout ; and we had
EHNASTA.
pleasant greetinpjs with the country people in
the villages, apart from the brick question.
3. The accurate survey of the ruins of tlae
temple was a necessary work. In order to have
a good basis for that I measured a long line on
the top of the facade wall of the temple ; and
then set off an axis square with that by a great
equilateral triangle of one tape length. Then
every point was referred to its distances in
co-ordinates from the base, or from the axis at
right angles to that. There were thus no
measurements dependent upon others, but every
point was independently hxed.
Our work at the temple was greatly en-
cumbered by the mounds thrown out in Dr.
Naville's partial clearance, nearly all of which
overlay other parts of the temple, and needed
to be moved again, sometimes to a depth of
40 feet. We not only cleared the temple, but
we searched some way behind it for any other
buildings ; also we made considerable trenching
and clearance to the south-east, where a piece
of a limestone column, part of a basalt shrine of
Hakor, and banks of stone chips, seemed to
promise another temple. Beside this, to the
north of the Kom ed Dinar, where two granite
blocks of a temple remain, we sought deep and
Avide for more. These trials occupied much of
our men and time, but if any buildings had
existed they seem to have been entirely re-
moved. We also cleared out various houses of
Roman age that had been destroyed by fire, as
such are most likely to contain objects left in
the burning. In this way we secured a large
quantity of pottery figures, lamps, and tools,
dated by the coins found in the houses ; and
Mrs. Milne while with us marked the pottery
and cleaned the coins. The results for dating
appear in the supplementary volume of Roman
remains.
Of the plates in this volume nearly half have
been done by my wife, and the others by Mr.
Ayrton, Mr. Currelly, and myself.
CHAPTER I.
THE SITE BEFORE THE BUILDING OF THE TEMPLE. Pl. IV.
4. ALTiioufiiT there can be no doubt that at
least one temple had existed at Henen-suten
from the 1st Dynasty, if not earlier, yet the site
of tliat is unknown. The large temple described
in this volume does not contain any remains of
temples older than the Xllth Dynasty ; and it
was found to overlie ii'regular buildings, and
burials which cannot be earlier than the Xlth
Dynasty.
These earlier buildings could not be tiioroughly
examined, owing to the stone work of the
temples which partly overlaid them. Also it
Avas not possible to reach them until March,
owing to the water level of the inundation.
On pl. iv. is shown tlie outlines of the temple
walls in dot and dash lines, in relation to the
brick walls which lie below them, so far as Mr.
Ayrton could trace them at the close of our
Avork. It will l^e seen that the brick walls have
no connexion with the temple walls, and are
only approximately in the same direction. Ncme
of the walls are thick, like those of the early
brick temples at Abydos ; hardly any parts are
more than one In'ick through. And the pi'esence
of granaries points also to these being ordinary
houses. Still farther marking the private
character of the ground, Avere about a dozen
burials scattered in different parts ; apparently
these liad been placed parallel to the walls,
owing to the graves being dug among deserted
buildings. It is remarkable how, both at
Abydus and here, the Egyptians seem to have
had no objection to mixing cemetery and town
together. At Abydos the desert was close at
hand, and yet pit graves were dug, lined, and
vaulted, amid the deserted houses of the
outskirts of the town, miich as they seem to
have been here. All this shoAvs very different
ideals of burial to Avhat we usually associate
with Egypt. But often in a modern Egyptian
town the cemetery may be on a mound of ruin
not more than tAvo or three centuries old, if no
more clear and suitable spot can be had ; and
there seems to have been still less objection
anciently to such a mixture.
5. That the temple of the XlXth Dynasty
AA'as only a refurbishing of that of the XVIIIth
is almost certain from the history. No Avhole-
sale clearance of temples between Tahutmes III
and Ramessu II is known otherwise, and
therefore Ave cannot assume that the XVIIIth
Dynasty temple Avas eradicated before the
XlXth Dynasty temple AA\as built. But the
foundations of a temple of diHerent plan
underlie the walls of the XVIIIth Dynasty.
The courtyard Avail Avas continued north of its
present line, before it Avas turned to meet the
Aving of tlie portico. There is a line of Avail
foundation underlying a roAv of columns of the
hypostyle hall. And there are in scA'eral parts
foundations, shown in pl. a-., much deejDcr than
the rest of the temple. MoreoA'er on these
deepest foundations (Xllth Dyn. ?) is a sand-
bed of rebuilding ; a second foundation upon
that (XVIIIth Dyn. r) : another sand-bed of a
second rebuilding, and then the XlXth Dynasty
threshold. All of this is strong evidence tliat
a great temple existed here, not only before the
XlXth Dynasty, but before the XVIIIth as
wi'll. There is then no ground lor supposing
EHNASYA.
that the temple of Senusert (Usertesen) II,
Senusert III, and Amenemhat III, of which so
many inscriptions were found here, was not
built on this ground ; and we may accept the
obvious conclusion that these stones are the
ruins of the temple whose deep foundations are
older than the XVIIIth Dynasty.
6. The burials preceded the temple building,
as they were laid along the sides of the earlier
brick walls ; and there is no ground for sup-
posing that Egyptians ever buried in or under
a temple. We must therefore date these burials
before Senusert II ; and by their style they
cannot be earlier than the Xlth Dynasty,
They prove a good deal concei'ning the dates of
styles of scarabs, hitherto uncertain.
They show that symmetrical designs in
scarabs were fully used, as in pi. ixA, Nos.
4, 19, 20; that the "King of the Aamu "
scarabs (15) go back to this age ; that the high-
backed scarabs (20), with various deeply cut,
bold, groups embodying the name of Nub-
kheper-ra, are before the Xllth Dynasty, and
therefore that Antef V was of the Xlth, and
not of a later age ; and that the curl patterns (as
14) start as early as this, and must not be all
put to the XVIIIth Dynasty. These are jjoints
which we cannot have more satisfactorily proved
than by the superposition of a Xlltli Dynasty
temple on the top of a cemetery. The details
of the burials are recorded by Mr. x\yrton as
follow, most of them being shown on pi. iv.
No. 10. Skeleton, head west, between the
facade wall and the eastern granite bases ; a
polished red [xitteiy bowl (fig. 1, pi. Ixa) at
tlie head.
No. 11. Skeleton, on back, head north, left
hand on stomach, right at side ; man (?) ; no
ornaments ; broken pot on chest.
No. 12. Body only, without legs, head
north, face east ; woman. On neck, large glazed
ball beads, notched beads (fig. 3), pendant
(fig. 2), and scaraboid (fig. 4).
No. 13. Upper half of skeleton, on back,
head turned to left ; back bent, and mouth
open. No ornaments.
No. 14. Skeleton, legs deformed, too short
for body, on back, head south ; right hand on
pelvis, feet crossed. By pelvis, alabaster kohl
pot (fig. (J), small diorite bowl (fig, 10), green
glazed bowl (fig. 9) and two ivory pins (figs.
11, 12) : by feet, alabaster cup (fig. 5); on left
hand, glazed scarab (fig. 7), and plain amethyst
scarab (fig. 8).
No. 15. Skeleton, on back, head east, feet
crossed, left hand on pelvis ; above the right
lung a red jar (fig. 1.3).
No. 16. Skeleton. Silver ring on left hand.
No. 17. Skeleton, on back, head west; left
hand on pelvis, legs crossed, a child. On
left hand two ovoids (figs. 14, 15) glazed
steatite. Wrongly numbered on pi. iv ; this is
the body 2 inches east of figures 17.
No. 1<S. Skeleton, on back, head erect, legs
distorted, infant. In small brick coffin. No
objects.
No. 10. Skeleton A. Head north, face
east ; no objects, therefore probably an attendant
on the other.
Skeleton B, same position, in fi*ont of A. On
left hand scarab set in gold (fig. 20) ; large
scarab with " union of south and north," glazed
(fig. 19) ; and carnelian scarab with spirals (fig,
]H). Among bones of pelvis two gold beads
(fig. 17), with small red tube beads and white
drum beads. At foot scarab (fig. 21). At bnck
of pelvis glazed figure of Taui't (fig. 16). In
front of body a small bowl of bufl^ pottery.
CHAPTER II.
THE TEMPLE OF THE XIIth DYNASTY. Pl. V.
7. Before dealing with the several buildings
which stood on this site it will be best to give
a classification of the various levels of con-
struction that appear.
In the first place the foundation level of a
building is almost as important as its pavement
level. The bottoms of the various parts of the
building were noted therefore as well as the top
levels. In the plan, pl. vi, the top levels are
stated upon the stones, in inches above an
arbitrary datum, the Ramesside sill being called
200. These serve to show the various course
levels. On the ground at the side of the stones
is the level of the bottoms of the stones marked
B ; and in some places a section gives the
bottoms and tops of several stones, with S put
between where a sand bed occurs. We must
remember that there are varying depths of
foundations, one, two or three courses thick ;
but where a sand bed occurs between stones it
is of capital importance as marking a new
foundation of a rebuilding, for no builder would
put a thick sand bed between his courses.
The oldest building of all, shown on pl. v,
has its course levels at : —
ISl, 181, 186, pavement.
(177 temenos walls founded).
IGO, 104, 167, 1(;7, joints.
132, Ui, 1 11, 14.5, 147, joints.
120, 12.5, 126, 12G, base of stones.
This is apparently of the XIIth Dynasty, as
none of these stones were re-used ones of that
age, and one re-used stone (pl. xi, i) is
apparently of the Old Kingdom.
8. The next level of building must be after
the XIIth Dynasty, as it includes many re-used
blocks of that age. This rebuilding bears the
drawn lines uiarking the position of the walls on
the foundations. Between the stones of this
period, at the back of wall, were scarabs and
glazed pieces of Taluitmes III. The levels are : —
194, 1!J6, 197, 200, pavement.
(193 temenos wall rebuilt).
179, 182, 184, 186, joints.
153, 158, 159, 1(;2, 163, 166, 168, joints
135, 141, 142, 142, 142, base of stones, sand
below.
The hard mud walls of earlier constructions
of the temple, are cut down to 147 level, to clear
the ground for this rebuilding.
9. The next level is certainlv that of
Ramessu II, and the sill at 200 is his actual
pavement level, as the door pivot hole is just
lower than that, so that there cannot have
been a whole course over it.
200, sill.
186, 188, 188, joints, columns.
17<», 172, 174, 175, 175, base of stones, sand
below.
The pavement then was that of the XVIIltii
Dynasty ; but the rebuilding had only one
course of foundation, and not three courses as
in the earlier temples. The wretched founda-
tions of Ramessu II are obvious in the case of
the great ([uartzite blocks of the facade, which
rest in many instances on one or two small
blocks of limestone and loose earth. They
cannot be safely bared without falling over for
lack of support ; wliile just below this rotten-
ness are three splendid courses of large limestone
EHNASYA.
blocks, contrasting with the miserable supports
of the XlXth Dynasty stones.
10. After the XlXth Dynasty a higher level
is shown by the granite column liases of the
portico, Avhicli are quite rough and irregular
in form, and not intended to be seen ; their sur-
faces are at a level of 214 to 220 in. Also
the same level appears on the substructures of
the hypostyle columns. This level was probably
determined by the base line of the facade
inscription at 214, which it was not desired to
encroach ujDon when raising the pavement.
215, pavement in hall.
213, 214, 215, column basements.
214-220, granite basements.
(220, outer temenos cut down).
190, 190, 193, base of stones.
The last rebuilding had its pavement yet
higher, shown by mortar on the sculptui'es at 237,
tops of drums put to raise the columns at 23f),
237, and the latest temenos wall founded 234.
11. The structures of the lowest level are
shown on pi. v. Of the Court the base of the
east wall remains. But the stones of the lowest
course can only be seen in a group at the north
end of this wall where they were left without
being covered by any later rebuilding. This
group of stones is shaded from top left, Avhereas
the rest of the wall is shaded from top right, to
show that they are a higher course ; they may
be of Xllth or of XVIIIth Dynasty, but as the
lower course can only be seen at the edges, the
upper course is drawn to show the character of
the foundations. The front of the court seems
to have been entirely removed, at least at its
junction with the side. The west side is also
entirely gone.
In the court are two brick walls, thicker than
those due to houses, Avhich stand in relation to
some stone work. They may be the retaining
walls of the foundations, as it is not likely tha,t
a brick building would exist within a stone
court. Large blocks of stone abut on the walls,
and seem to have probably been the bases of a
doorway. The tops of these are at 158 to KiO,
and are not therefore decisivelv of the Xllth
Dynasty temple ; but their position would be
still harder to account for in the XVIIIth
Dynasty, when the type of temple was more
fixed and on a larger scale.
The blocks at the north side of the coui't are
also difficult to imderstand. At first sight they
seem to be for the basements of columns ; but one
is too near the axis of the building for a column.
The only explanation would seem to be that the
axis had been shifted 45 inches east in the
XVIIIth Dynasty, and therefore the brick Avail
and foundation in the midst of the court must
belong to that later period. But this is un-
likely, as we have already observed. If the axis
Avere further Avest originally, it Avould imply
that the court Avas 90 in. Avider, and therefore
that the Avhole of the west side Avas shifted
in later rebuilding. There are gi*eat difficulties in
each A'ieAV of these changes ; and we have hardly
enough evidence to shoAv what the plans were.
The back Avail of the court Avhich forms the
facade of the Ha'postyle Hall is a fine piece of
foundation. 'L'he loAvest courses at 120-132,
132-147, belong to the first temple (Xllth
Dynasty); a sand bed of 10 in. Avas laid over
these, and the second temj)le (XVIIIth Dynasty)
Avas founded Avith a course at 1 57- 1 70. Over this
are some small blocks, a very insufficient support
for the XlXtli Dynasty cjuartzite facade and Avail
above it. Behind this the only early Avork is a
foundation Avail below a roAv of columns, Avhich
Avould only leave room for chambers 14 or 15
feet long. This Avould imply that there avms no
hypostyle hall in the Xllth Dynasty, but only
a sanctuary for the sacred bark, and store
<;liambers at the side of it.
The idea that we thus get of the .\lllli
Dynasty temple is very different from that of
later temples. There Av^ould Ije merely a small
block of very substantial building of a sanctuary
and store-rooms flanking it ; and a large court
in front of that. This would fairly agree Avith
THE TEMPLE OF THE XIIth DYNASTY.
the outlines of the XIIth Dynasty temple at
Abydos ; and in the absence of any bettei* plans
of this age it at least gives some idea of the type
then followed. It appears to be a continuation
of the primitive shrine and courtyard as shown
on the tablet of Mena. {Itoijal Tovihs, ii. pi. x. 2.)
12. Of the construction of the temple we can
learn something from the blocks that remain. Be-
neath the northern blocks of quartzite on the west
side of the portico was a red granite foundation ;
and this was now bare, owing to the quartzite
block having fallen over since it was exposed by
Dr. Naville. On the granite were traces of inscrip-
tion, which I carefully washed and examined ;
my wife's copy is given in pi. xiii. From this
it is evident that the block is a lintel with sym-
metrical groups : a column of l-a name at each
end, in the midst a cartouche, and a deity seated
at each side. The ka name is that of Senusert III.
Besides this a large block of Senusert II has
been re-used for an architrave of Ramessu II ; it
bears part of the vulture and uraeus name of
Senusert, and evidently formed part of a jamb
of a gateway. This block shows the proportion
which the strip of inscription and l-a name bore
to the jamb ; and the lintel shows the proportion
which it bore to the whole gateway. The
dimensions measured and reduced are as follows,
in in. : —
Jamb. Lintel.
Breadth of ka name . 8*2 4*7
Breadth of jamb . 25-9 •• U-S
Edge of jamb to door 7"8 ■'■ 4'.')
Between /m names . •■•107 ()1*5
Width of door . ••■ !)! •••52-5
Length of lintel . ••• I U i)i
Width over jambs . :.IA'6 .-.S^-l
The length of lintel for the great jamb was
then at least 143, and probably 164 in. There
was probably an even greater lintel here, as some
bars of red granite in a Coptic Church, which
have been cloven from older lintels, are 97, 157
and 190 in. long. Very possibly that of 157 in.
length comes from the lintel of this doorway of
Senusert. In proportion the great Coptic lintel
of 190 long would imply a doorway of 106 wide,
and jambs 30 broad ; probably the door was
really wider, as the lintel would be less in pro-
portion on the greatest doorways. So we may
say that probably the great doorways of
Senusert's temple were about 110 and 90 in.
wide, and the lesser door of Avhich we have the
lintel was 52 in. wide. The largest gateway
would be that of the pylon leading into the
court. The second door might be that on
the foundations in the court ; the lintel is 157
long, and the foundations are 163 wide, which
well agrees to this length. Lastly the lintel
which we found is probably that of the sanctuary
itself. And the Coptic lintel of 97 in. is very
likely the back beam, of the same lintel, as what
we have is 94 long. It is interesting to see that
the three Coptic beams of granite agree to ( 1 )
the existing lintel, (2) the lintel reduced from
the great jambs, and the foundations in the
court, and (3) what must have been the lai-gest
gate of all in the pylon.
The granite palm columns of the portico
have been recognized as probably of the
XIIth Dynasty since they were found, see
pis. viii and x, 4. The inscriptions npon
them were added by Ramessu II and Ml'-
renptah, and the columns will be considered
further on.
BHNASYA.
CHAPTER III.
THE TEMPLE OF THE XVIIlTH DYNASTY. Pl. VI.
13. It seems certain that there was a temple of
the XVIIIth Dynasty, before a considerable re-
building by Ramessu II, on the former lines,
■when we consider the foundations of the facade,
as already noted in describing the various levels.
And, as the blocks of the back wall, which liad
objects of Tahutmes III between them, overlie
the level at which the drawn lines for the walls
are cut (see the lines in pl. x, 2, 3), the out-
lining of the temple plan must be that of the
XVIIIth Dynasty. It cannot be earlier, as the
blocks under the lines are re-used ones of the
Xllth Dynasty.
This outlining certainly represented the in-
tended wall faces, as a few blocks of the walls
remain with faces in this alignment, within an
inch or so. We can therefore recover the exact
dimensions of the temple. These drawn lines are
shown as dotted lines on the stones in pl. vi.
14. ^Measuring from the front of the facade,
the walls across the axis ai-e 0-1 U3 (?), 704-818,
1076-1117, 13G8-U31 inches. Hence the thick-
ness of the Avails Avas 103, 54, 41, G3, or 5, 2|,
2, 3 cubits. The chamber lengths were G61,
or 32 cubits of 20-66 ; 258, or 12^^ cubits of
20'64; and 251, which may be an error for the
previous amount. The average difference
between parts of the same line is less than half
an inch, and never exceeds 2 inches.
The breadths of the temple depend on paral-
lelism of the side walls. These walls sliow a
divergence from squareness with the facade
of nil on west (variations of 2 inches on inner
and cuter sides balancing), and an average
of 1 on 240, or ;j, contraction towards the back,
in the east wall. The breadth at tlic facade is
884 out 755 in ; at the siniill inner hall it is
878 out, and 753 iu ; at the ba(;k it cannot be
taken, as the N.E. corner line is lost. This
breadth is divided at the small hall into 189 and
190 for side chamber and one wall (the thick-
ness of which is not marked) and 374 for the
small hall. This is 18 cubits of 20-78; and it
is divided by columns into spaces of 5i, 7, and
5^ cubits. The back portion of the temple is
divided into spaces of 209, 41, 248 (41 ?) (215 ?)
inches ; evidently 10, 2, 12 (2, 10 ?) cubits.
The court in front had a wall 83 inches, 4
cubits, thick. The east wall is at (367 to 584
from the axis, giving the width of the court
1334 out and 11(J8 ni. The east wall of the
court diverges from the temple axis 1 in 100,
in the same direction as the east wall of the
temple.
15. As the XVIIIth Dynasty court turned
inward to meet the portico, and did not cover
the end of the east wall of the Xllth Dynasty, the
portico plan must belong to this age, and have
only been rebuilt by Ramessu II. Hence the
positions of the granite columns probably belong
to this temple, although they have been raised
later on. This opens the interesting question of
the roofing of the portico. The architraves
could not be thicker than the columns, and
from them to the facade is a span of 191 inches,
or IG feet. This is far more than any other
span in the place, the largest elsewhere being
only half of this. It is true this width is
exceeded by the roof of the axial way at Karnak ;
but the size of such a unique roof as that is not
likely to have been rivalled merely for the
portico of a local temple. The probable con-
clusion is that there was an intermediate row of
columns between those of granite and the facade ;
and that these being of limestone have been
entirely destroyed with their bases.
CHAPTER IV.
THE TEMPLE OF THE XIXth DYNASTY. Pl. VI.
16. The form of this temple seems to have ex-
actly followed the lines of the XVIIIth Dynasty.
How much of that had been injured can
hardly be traced ; certainly the whole facade
had to be rebuilt, and the Ijasements of the
columns in the hyjDostyle hall show sand beds
of this age (level 166 to 175). But the rest of
the temple may well have remained mainly
intact. There were, however, large additions
due to Raniessu II ; the colossi along both sides
of the court, and large scenes of the necUteh
festival, Avere the work of this reign.
In the GorRT the bases of colossi were built
opposite to each of the columns along the sides
of the court. They do not seem to have been
placed backing against a square pillar, as at the
Ramesseum or Medinet Habu ; Init rather as
free-standing figures, like those placed between
the columns at Luqsor. From the fragments
found, we know that they were standing figures,
with one le<r advanced, wearin"; a ribbed loin-
cloth, and with bare feet. They were certainly
neither seated nor Osiride figures. The dimen-
sions across the toes are,—
Ehiiasya.
Tiuiis
colossi.
Groat
colossus.
Modern
foot.
Greit too ...
... 4-1)
5-0
14-7
1-2
space . . .
1-8)
—
—
—
2nd
3-1
30
12-5
0-8
3rd
2-7
2-0
10-4
0-7
dth
5lh
... 2-n
31 i
5,9
15-9
(■11-2
I 8-4
57-2
0-7
0-6
Foot
... 17-2
4-0
Figure
.-. 235-or293
221-
—
69-5
The compariso]! with the colossi of Tanis wcjuld
give 235 for the figure without a crown, or 293
if of modern proportions.
The bases are very irregular. In the midst
of each is a raised mass, shaded in the plan,
apparently the core on which the colossus was
placed, before being built around with a masonry
pedestal. The mass of each base is distinguished
here Ijy two diagonals being drawn from corner
to corner ; but these are only lines for distinc-
tion, and do not represent any marks on the
stones. The distances of the centres of the
bases apart are very variable. The column
centres are at 2X 116, 119i, 2 x 118, lUi apart,
or 117 with an average error of 1|^ inches. But
the bases of the colossi average 115|^ apart,
Avitli an average error of 6^ inches. So it
is clear that the columns were set out with
fair accuracy, and the pedestals of the colossi
were added afterwards, probably merely Ijy eye
or rough measurement.
On the west side only four bases remain and
part of a fifth. The wavy diagonal line across
part of the bases marks the size of a single block
of stone; and part of this is cut to a higher
level, here shaded. Only one column base
remains on this side, and no trace of an outer
wall. The bases are not opposite one to another,
by an average of nearly a foot difterencc ; and
not varying in one direction only.
17. Near the front of the court stood two
triads of red granite. The western one is perfect,
and Avas found lying face down. The figures arc
those of Kamessu l)etween Ptah and Hershef.
On the hack are nine columns of inscription,
each containing a diftercnt ka name of the king,
followed by his cartouches. At the lower ends
of the columns the king is said to be loved by —
1 . Ptah, lord of truth, king of both lands,
2. Ilorus the great god.
3. Hershef, king of south and north.
10
EHNASYA.
4. Ptah, great of eyes.
5. Bastet, loved of Ptah.
G. Atinu, lord of l^oth lauds of Heliopolis.
7. AsaY-anaarcf.
8. Ptah-tunen.
9. Amen ra, lord of heaven.
This triad is 95 inches wide and 136 high. The
figure of Ptah was painted blue. The figure of
Hershef formerly had inlaid eyes. It has been
annexed by the Cairo Museum, in addition to
the half-share of other things that were found,
and will therefore, as in similar cases, stand
agrainst some future discovery.
On the east is the lower half of a lesser triad
of seated figures of the same gods, 86 wide.
The upper half of it was found in a very much
weathered state about half-way up the court.
The block of granite lying near this ti*iad is (50
by 87 inches and 36 inches high, without any
inscription. It may be a portion of the granite
pylon.
Part of the court still retains a pavement of
limestone, which doubtless extended over the
whole of it anciently. This pavement, the
southern end of the eastern side of the court,
and the positions of the triads, were all planned
by Mr. Ayrton after I had left. Towards the
north of the court there is a mass of low blocks
at 158 to 160, and upon them a sloping ascent
up to 174 level, evidently leading up to the
temple portico at 200 level.
18. The granite columns of the Portico
were doubtless placed here by Ramessu, l)ut
their positions from which they were over-
thrown were those of the latest rebuilding,
with which we shall notice them and tlie bases.
The problem, however, wliicli faces us in the
Ramesside temple is that of the spacing. The
columns cannot have then l)een farther apart
than in the plan, because the blocks of archi-
trave would not then fit on them ; and those
blocks are inscriljed on each side and below by
Ramessu. Yet we see here a wide gap in the
row of columns ; and not a trace of any more
columns or bases has been found. In view of
the six bases and six columns remaining all
complete, it seems strange that other bases and
columns should have entirely disappeared. Yet
the architraves must have continued across the
front, as the inscriptions require this to com-
plete them (see pi. xviii). Now the intervals of
the columns (centre to centre) average 76 inches;
and the space in the middle (centre to centre)
is 313 inches. This is, therefore, about four
column intervals ; yet filling in the three
columns to produce an even series Avould place
one in the axis. This seems impossible ; and so
we are driven to suppose two more columns, and
a double interval in the axis, leaving an opening
132 wide between the columns, and requiring an
architrave of 161 to span centre to centre.
Now Ave have already noted that the Coptic
granite lintel of 157 would agree to the length
of about 1 64 required for the great jambs, and
163 width of foundation in the court. It seems
as if the old lintel of which we have the jamb,
and apparently the foundations also, was used
by Ramessu to span the middle of his colonnade,
as he used the jamb for another of the archi-
traves ; and these were ultimately carried oft'
and split lengthways for the Coptic church.
The seated quartzite figure of a king of the
Xllth Dynasty, usurped by Ramessu, Avas found
still upright in the N.-E. corner of the portico,
by Dr. Naville. The fellow figure stood in the
opposite corner, where Ave found the throne
split and overturned. This is kept at Cairo.
The facade has been entii'ely removed to the
foundations, excepting the carved blocks of
broAvn quartzite, Avliich formed the loAvest course
(see pi. xvii). The inscriptions extend from
each side of the axial doorAvay along the back
and sides of the portico, and end in a group of
cartouches on the south faces of the two side
Avails. The blocks are deeply cut, and several of
the signs are filled Avith detail in the hollows.
But the hawk has been carelessly cut too high
on the west of the door, running up into the
THE TEMPLE OP THE XIXth DYNASTY.
11
border. The inscriptions exactly tally, sign for
sign, and have the same spacing ; even where a
bad place comes in the stone, and is avoided,
the signs next it are squeezed, evidently because
the work was set out to scale from one drawing,
and excess could not be pushed on into the rest
of the line. It is a fine jDiecc of work for its
aue, and it Avould be well if the whole of the
blocks were removed from the annual inunda-
tion, and used as a basement for some museum
front. The reveal of the doorway yet remains
on the west, and the pivot hole for that valve of
the door.
19. In the Hypostyle Hall the columns
were refounded by Ramessu, for there is his sand-
bed at 170 inches level, as under his facade. The
positions of the columns are those of the later re-
builders, and will be stated in the next chapter.
Behind the hypostyle hall was the small hall
of four columns, which was enlarged to eight
columns in later times. On the east of this the
foundations suggest two chambers. On the
west the details cannot be traced, as they are
covered with later pavement and structures.
j The back of the temple was divided into three
j parts, of which no further detail can be traced.
The back wall gi\es important evidence about
dates of building. Between about 135 and 155
inches are some re-used Xllth Dynasty blocks,
showing that the temple of that age probably
' did not extend so far north. Above these the
next course 155 to 180 is of yellow limestone,
and bears the drawn lines of plan for the walls.
On this at ISO to 20U are blocks with objects of
Tahutmes III between them, giving the date
when all these three courses were probably laid :
this last course being that of the pavement of
that age. Upon this are two courses of about
200 to 220 and 220 to 210 inches level, which
contain Ramesside blocks re-used ; showing that
the Ramesside walls had been completely
ruined to a level as low as where the Avails of
Tahutmes III had been previously removed by
Ramessu.
12
EHNASYA.
CHAPTER V.
THE LATER TEMPLES. Pl. VM.
20. That there were two periods of rebuilding
after Ramesside times is proved by the condition
of the colonnade before the facade. To the first
rebuilding belong the granite bases of the
columns Avith levels varying on the tops from
214 to 220 inches ; and as these bases were
shapeless below the top level, it is clear that
they were not visible to any prominent amount
above the pavement. This level corresponds
with the pavement in the hypostyle hall at
215 level, and the tops of the column base-
ments there at 213 to 217 level.
The last period of reconstruction is shown by
the addition of white quartzite drums beneath
the red granite columns, thus raising the
column foot to 236 or 237 inches. And that a
pavement was inserted at this level is shown by
portions of mortar still in the Ramesside hiero-
glyphs of the facade, on the west side, and
on the front, reaching up to 237 level ; these
traces prove that masonry Avas built against it,
hiding the hieroglyphs up to that level. This
agrees to the eastern temenos Avail being cut
doAvn to 231 level; and a ncAV line of Avail,
running skcAV, being founded at 234 level.
It is not, hoAvever, possible to distinguish
any difference of plan betAveen these two re-
buildings, as all the Avails of the last rebuilding
have been removed, except some of the back
Avail and facade Avhich it had in common Avith
the earlier buildings. We cannot even say
that the first post-Eamesside temple Avas ruined;
it may have lasted on in great part, and the
only change may have been the raising of the
paA'ement. But as the 21-5 pavement Avas then
high above Avater level, it is not probable that
the paving Avould have been raised, and the
granite columns lifted on to fresh drums, unless
there had been need of larije reconstructions.
21. Of the dates of these tAvo later building
levels there is no direct evidence. That they
Avere post-Ramesside is certain, as the sculp-
tures of Ramessu 11 Avere used up in re-
building the back Avail, and in laying the
eastei'n pavement outside of the temple. The
only later kings Avhom Ave find named here are
]*ef-dudu-l)ast, of the XXIIIrd Dynasty, and
Nekht-hor-heb of the XXXth Dynasty. There
is also a probability, from a loose fragment
found in the toAvn, that the decoration of the
temple Avent on as late as Antoninus, see
pl. xxviii.
As Ave cannot separate the plans of the post-
Ramesside buildings, and it seems very likely
that they Avere on the same lines, Ave here give
only one plan (pl. vii), and the folloAving
account of it, for these later temples.
The peristyle court and bases of colossi are
not included in this plan, as they Avere pro-
bably ruined, and there is no evidence that they
Averc rebuilt.
22. The I'oiiTico at the back of the court is
an interesting study. The jjositions of the fallen
blocks are always of inipoi'tancc in settling the
THE LATER TEMPLES.
13
original form of a l^uilding, and the position of
its inscriptions. I therefore planned the posi-
tion of all of the pieces of architraves, and
noted how their inscriptions would fit togetlier.
But unhappily there was no record of the
positions of the most important pieces, the
great columns of granite, which liad been all
removed by Dr. Naville, excepting one capital.
He recorded no plans or measurements, except-
ing that the length of the portico was "more
than sixty feet " (actually 60 ft., and 3 to 5
inches), the depth of the portico " twenty-five
feet" (actually 20 ft. and 8 to 10 inches), the
height of the columns " more than seventeen
feet," and the bases in the hall " over four
feet" in diameter. Fortunately the Rev. W.
MacGregor had taken three large photographs,
published in Ah]ia.<f ; and on making a detailed
geometrical study of these upon the plan of
existing stones, it was possible to fix to within
two or three inches the positions and sizes of
all the blocks which had been removed (see
pi. viii). Unexpected difficulties appeared in
doino; this. The lens which had been used had
a very distorted field, of the kind so familiar
in country photographs, where the side columns
of a church appear bowing outwards in the
middle ; and instead of the sui-face of equal
projection being a plane, it was a parabolic
curve distant about 1 0 inches from the centre of
sight at the edges and 11 inches in the middle,
^loreover, the focus had been changed between
the views. The results, therefore, were some-
what complicated in their reduction, and not as
accurate as a plan directly made from the ruins
as discovei'ed ; but this plan is the best that
can now be done for the subject.
As Ave have noticed in the last chapter, the
requii'ements of tlie inscription on the archi-
trave compel us to suppose other columns to
have existed in this gap. And when tliose
colunms are inserted, the required architrave
would be the same as the great architrave of
the Xllth Dynasty ; this, again, seems to be
probably identical with the architrave left in
the Coptic church, which has been split from
end to end, and the inscription removed.
The POSITIONS OF THK COLUMNS Avere estimated
from the flat surface dressed for them on the
bases. But as the granite had been weathered
out somewhat under the columns the flat area
was diminished ; and therefore something must
be added to each area to bring it up to the
known size of the columns, 29 inches diameter,
this weathering being credited to either side,
Avhichever is the more erratic in position.
Axis. Column. Column. Column. Column. Wall.
East . 0 Lost 142-171 218-247 294-323 363
West . 0 Lost 142-171 218-247 295-324 363
Thus there is no certain error larger than
1 incli.
The distance of the columns from the facade
was similarly treated, and the column sides are
l!)l and 220 at the two outermost on each side,
190 and 219 at the two nearest the middle. So
the average distance of the centres from the
facade was 205 inches, or 10 cubits.
In view of the varying levels of the bases it
is desirable to see if they were so ai'ranged to
suit different lengths of columns. Here the
difficulty arose that the columns had been
distributed over the world Avithout any
measurements having been taken. But, by the
courtesy of the curators noAv in charge of each,
I have recovered the dimensions ; and I can
identify the columns by comparing the photo-
graphs in All lias Avith A'arious statements.
23. On tabulating all the dimensions Ave
have the following list, including the similar
but larger column from Bubastis in the British
Museum, and the same reduced in proportion
of 5'6 to agree to the scale of the lloracleopolis
columns.
EHNASYA
Columns from Ehnasya.
Bubastis.
Top of abacus
Abacus
Top of palm
Palm .
Top of bands
Bands .
Top of shaft
Up third
Top of scene
Mid third
Base of scene
Base of column
Width abacus
Width top shaft
Width base shaft
Length . mean
Level of base mean
Level of top
A. British
Museum.
206-1
10-6
195-5
43-1
152-4
10-4
142-0
50-3
91-7
40-2
51-5
0
29-5
23-7
28-2
152-8- -4
217-3 + -7
+ •3
B.
Boston.
193
40
153
11
142
49
93
42
51
0
25-4
29-2
+ -2
+ •7
+ •9
C.
Adelaide.
D. Mau-
chester.
153
11
142
50
92
41
51
0
25-1
29-9
+ -2
+ 2-7
+ 2-9
152
93
42
51
0
25-1
29-0
-•8
-3-3
-4-1
E.
Bolton.
42-0
10-0
30
23-9
29-0
-1-3
F. Phila-
delpliia.
192
38-5
153-5
12
141-5
49
92-5
42-5
50
0
24-8
29-6
+ •7
+ •7
+ 1-4
Reduced
a sixth.
208
11
197
45
152
14
138
46
92
0
32i
27-6
31-3
Whole.
2491
13
236i
54
182|
17
1651
55
llQi
0
39
33-1
37-5
Thus though the columns vary 1^ inches in
length of shaft, yet this would not compensate
the base levels. And where we have the whole
heights of the columns, in A, B, & F, they vary
3^ inches, while the bases of these happen to be
all on one level. So it does not seem that any
notice was taken of the varying length of the
columns ; and the errors of the base levels, and
of the columns, were all disregarded, leaving
the tops to be adjusted anyhow for the
architraves.
The tapering of the columns has no per-
ceptible entasis. It is 4'5, 8'8, /)'9, 4"8, 5'1,
4-8, on the different columns, averaging 4-5, on
a shaft of 142 or 1 on 3r4. This is, however,
1 on 10 on the circumference, so the rule may
have been to reduce the circumference one-
tenth of the height.
The heights of the various parts of the
coluiiiii are not multiples of the diameter, but
seem rather to be simple numbers of cubits, as
follows : — •
Top of abacus 10 cubits of 20'f!l.
Top of palm '.iL cubitsof 20-37 (2U-21 —
20-58).
Top of bands 71 cubits of 20-37 (20-27—
20-47).
Top of shaft 7 cubits of 20-20 (20-22—
20-28).
Top of scene 41 cubits of 20-54 (20-38—
20-67).
Base of scene 2^ cubits of 20-30 (20-0—
20-00).
The base has a diameter of 29-1, which is 20
palms ; or, still more exactly, the diagonal of a
square of one cubit. The connection of the
palm and cubit with the diagonal and side of a
square I pointed out long since {Pyramidfi anil
Temples of Guch, p. 181) ; and it has been con-
firmed by the study of the land measures by
Mr. Griffith. This base circle may be regarded
as the circle circumscribing a square of one
cubit and inscribed in a square whose diagonal
is two cubits.
It is interesting to see how nearly the Bu-
l)astis (-(ihiiiiu agrees in its proportions with the
above. Its scale is so closely one-fifth larger
that the dimensions are all given here reduced
to five-sixths for comparison with those of
Khnasya. Now we have already seen that the
THE LATER TEMPLES.
15
dimensions of the Ehnasya columns are in even
numbers of cubits ; how tJien can the Bubastis
measures be in proportion to them ? If we try
to fit the Bubastis measures to even cubits, we
find far more discrepancy, varying from20'01 to
20*80 for the cubit in diiferent parts. More-
over the sepai'ate pai'ts at Bubastis, 13, -54, 17,
and 55 inches are not simple parts of cubits ;
while the parts at Ehnasya of lOMi, 42, 10'4,
50, 42, 51-5 inches closely fit i, 2, ^, 21 2, and
2^ cubits. Hence it is pretty clear that the
Ehnasya dimensions are tJie staridard lyrototype,
and tlie Bubastis dimensions have been iiinltijylied,
from them. Very likely the Ehnasya columns
were a standard size used in most temples of
that age.
24. Placing drums of white quartzite sand-
stone under the red granite monolith columns,
was a very curious feature of this portico as left
by tlie latest builders. No such combination of
a drum with a great column of different colour
and material is known elsewhere ; and it seems
impossible to suppose that it was the original
design of Ramessu II, although the drums bear
his name (see pi. xvi).
Of these drums that on base A was in place
when found by Dr. Naville, since overthrown ;
B, C, D, are missing ; E was overthrown ; and
F is still in place. As the columns seem to be
all nearly alike, there must have been drums on
all the bases. Their dimensions are, in inches : —
Height A 18-0, E 19-2, E 19-4.
Diameter A 29-2, (?), F 29-2.
The purpose of thus raising the columns is
shown in the study of the levels. The temple
pavement was at 215, flush with the red granite
bases ; and when raised to 237, as shown by
tlie mortaring, the coluiinis had also to be
raised. liather tliaii lilt and re-set the great
irregular bases which were bui-ied in the earth,
some drums were taken from elsewhere and put
under the columns, so as to bring them up to
the new pavement level. Where these drums
of Ramessu were before, we cainioi say; l)ut
certainly we should not expect any architect to
design them of only just the diameter of the
columns, and of a weaker material, in order to
be placed beneath so great a Aveight. They
must belong to some less strained position ; and
may well have originally stood as bases to some
black basalt columns, of which I found a frag-
ment 17'7 diameter at the back of the hypostyle
hall.
25. The base shown in the N.-E. corner of
the portico is that of the statue of Ramessu II
found in place by Dr. Naville ; the position is
recovered from the photograph in Ahnas, front,
pi. V. But those photographs do not show
whether the statue was placed on a raised basis
or on a continuous pavement. As the bottom
of the block was at about the level of the
granite bases, or at 215 inches, it must have
been replaced in the later rebuilding if it Avas
on a continuous paving. It would also be
interesting to have observed whether it had
traces of a higher paving at 237 level, as on the
facade front. This information is now lost, as
the figure was removed to Philadelphia and the
basement of it destroyed. The discovery of the
fellow statue to it, broken up in a hole at the
opposite N.-W. corner of the portico, has cleared
up some points. The statue found by Dr.
Naville is not in " hard limestone," and is not
"ofRamesesIl ... of good XlXth Dynasty
workmanship." The material of both statues is
quartzite sandstone ; and both are older Avorks
than Ramessu II, but appropriated by him. Ou
Dr. Navillc's statue the traces of older sculpture
are shown {Ahvas 1, C), and similar lines of
the earlier design, and erasure of an earlier
name from the belt, are on the second statue.
I'robablv both statues are of Senusert II or III
of the Xllth Dynasty, whose names occur here.
26. The lower parts of the great facade and
front Avail continued to stand from earlier times,
together Avitli the Avails Avhich I'urmed the sides of
the portico. The nvi'osrvi.i; ii.\i.i, Avas rebuilt at
the higher level of 213 to 217 inches. At lirst
16
EHNASYA.
sight it is not clear whetlier the drums now
visible were parts of columns or of sub-struc-
tures ; but one drum (4tli in 4th row) rising to
239 level, shows the diameter of the columns to
have been -32 inches (22- cubits) below, and 45
inches above, perhaps to be dressed down to 42
inches. On looking at those of 215 level we see
that some are about the diameter of columns (as
')th in 1st row), while others are nearly double
that size (as 6th in 1st row, 5th in 2nd row).
Hence it is clear that these blocks below 215
level must have been hidden, and only parts of
sub-structure. Of the general number of the
columns there can be no question. The exact
positions are fixed by the actual column re-
maining (4th of 4th), and a well-defined base
(5th of 1st row). From these the rows of
columns are centered at 215, 352, 489, and 626
inches from the facade front, and the lines at
84, 189, and 294 from the axis. This gives 105
inches from centre to centre across, and 137
inches along ; or 63 inches between the columns
across and 95 inches along. Thus they were at
87 inches from S. wall, 117 from N. wall, 62
from the side walls, and 126 apart up the axial
passage. These iDOsitions are marked by the
circles of broken lines on the plan.
27. At the back of the hypostyle hall was a
lesser hall of eight columns. Of these the bases
of the 1st and 2nd of the N. row remain, and part
of the 2nd of the S. row. The curved hollow for
the base of the 1st of the S. row is seen, and the
foundations of the columns on the E. of the
axis. From these the centres of the rows were
at 72 and 162 fi-oin the south wall; and tlie
lines at 74 and 173 from the axis. As the radii
of the traces of base remaining are 197 and
21-2 inches, average 20-5 (or ] cubit), the
column diameters wei-e 4 1 inches ; and 62 (or 3
cubits) i'l.i- the base. Tlius the distances be-
tween the columns were 49 inches along, 59
inches across ; 51 to the soutli wall, 74 to the
north ; 51 to the side walls, and 107 tin; width
of the axial passage.
The whole of the chambers east of this hall
are destroyed ; but on the west tlie breadths of
wall spaces grooved out in the pavement can be
traced. These are marked by diagonal shading
on the plan. It is evident that a chamber about
3() wide and 82 long opened out of the corner
of the hypostyle hall. Next to that door was ■
another door leading to a very narrow passage,
which turned twice at right angles and led to
nothing on the plan. This can only be for a
stairway to the roof, the plan being like that of
other temple stairs. Behind this stairway a
door must have led from the hall of eio;ht
columns to a chamber 53 wide and about 95
long, with a turn southwards 58 long besides.
The side wall of the temple confirms this inter-
pretation ; for at the hypostyle hall it is 64
inches (3 cubits) thick, while to the west of the
small hall the stones are only 43 (2 cubits)
thick, and if the wall were 64 thick the chamber
walls must then have been built np against it,
which would have been senseless. Thus the
stairway which led up between the chambers
was let into the thickness of the great wall,
which was thus reduced from 3 cubits to 2
cubits thick.
Beyond the lesser hall there are no details
remaining, except the end of a cross wall on the
west ; and in symmetry with that a correspond-
ing wall is here dotted in on the east. The
back wall does not seem to have been as thick
as it was in earlier times ; the parts rebuilt with
Ramesside stones at the end of the east cross
wall being only about 2 cubits thick instead of
3 cubits. On the east outside the limits of the
foundation suggest that the side wall was rather
thinner than it is along the side of the halls.
On the west side the foundations, and the
paving stones which were laid along the side of
the wall, show tliat the side wall became thicker
toward the back conuu'. That the thick brick
wall nil tJK' west side stood to some heiglit in
late times is shown by the paving stones stop-
ping short along its face. Thus there was a
THE LATER TEMPLES.
17
passage 2 cubits wide left along the western
side, between the temple and its enclosing wall,
on a lesser scale than the simihir passage at
Edfu. The pavement on the east side is of a
late age, as it includes a sculptured block of
Ramessu II.
28. That the temple was of importance in
the XXXth Dynasty is shown by a fragment
of a granite naos of Nekht-lior-hob. This piece
proves tlie naos to have been 48 inches deep
back inside, 5 feet outside ; 1 9 inches thick at
the sides, and 1 7 at the back ; with a single
rebate 2 inches wide for the door. The piece
had been dragged out to a high level on the
west during the destruction of the temple.
Several blocks of temple sculptures, including
one with the names of Antoninus, were found
in a large house south of the temple, re-used as
Imilding stones (see pi. xxviii). There is nothing
to prove what building they came from ; but it
is probable that they show a rebuilding of tliis
temple.
29. The close of the history of the temple
comes with the growing distaste for animal
worship under the influence of Isis worshi}) and
Christianity. At the region of the back of the
hypostyle hall I could trace the stages of dilapi-
dation. The bulk of the stones had been re-
moved, and several feet of earth and rubbish
had accumulated over the remainder ; then this
was duw through to searcli for the stones of the
lower courses and the foundations ; and into
the hole thus formed had fallen pieces of painted
pottery of the IVth century a.d., such as was
found in burnt houses of that age. For the
accumulation of earth on the temple site at least
a century must be allowed. So the later history
of the temple seems to have heen thus : —
about 150 A.D., rebuilt by Antoninus ;
about 250 a.d., pulled down for building
stones ;
about 350 a.d., the ruins quarried irregularly,
as deep as was thought worth while, leaving
some walls six coui'ses high and others destroyed
to the l)ottom.
18
BHNASYA.
CHAPTER VI.
DESCRIPTION OF THE PLATES.
30. PI. i. Gold statuette of Pef du east,
MES BAST. During the course of clearing the
hypostyle hall, at a depth of a few feet below
the bottom of Dr. Naville's Avorking, our men
found a substructure of pavement ; and as
they dug the earth they saw a piece of gold
showing in the ground. AYithout attempting
to remove it, or uncover it, they sent for us,
and Mr. Ayrton went, and cut out of the un-
disturbed earth the statuette here shown.
When it reached my hands it was half covered
with earth; but, on washing, it became entirely
clean, ])arring a few encrustations of lime, one
of which shows on the back of the waist-cloth.
The photograph here is double the size of the
original, which weighs one ounce and a quarter.
It shows the excellent detail of the muscular
treatment, and the fine character of the work.
The only objection raised by anatomists is that
some muscles are true to the surface appearance,
while others presuppose acquaintance with
dissection.
The figure i-epresents the ram-headed god
Hershcf of Henensuten or Herakleopolis, now
Ehnasya. The inscription on the base is in
three columns, as shown at the foot of the
plate. It has been evidently blundered l)y the
engraver, Avho was probably copying from
another statue. In the copy here given there
is also added Avhat appears to have been the
original form, one broad column and a l)ase
line. That the present two columns of tlic
three really read across is certain on looking at
the split in the name Ilershef, and also in the
title siiten iaiiJ, In the third column uin- lias
no connection, and du anJch ought to join with
zct ta at the base of the second column. If we
look at the original arrangement here given
Ave see how every one of the eri'ors arose,
^
(^
-'\1
t
^m
\m
^
UTTd. ^
— -"■^ •errs
.4--
n-=^
fi.m
^^nif-^-j
I.
if
li
1^^^
iV
Orifrinal arranKomcnt.
Ab onfrrared.
when engraving in a square space and in
narrow columns. The t t had to pack with the
Hu, and so hat comes close at the to}). The
engraver spaced out too freely in the first
column, and so lost connection with his second
column, which should read across from tlie first,
lie had no room to get in mcr du avl.lt : and,
knowing that they could not come into the
second column, they drifted on to the third.
AVe can now read the inscription satisfac-
torilv from the original form. "The king of
Upper and Lower Egypt, NEFEU-KA-iiA, son of
the Sini Pef-])U-bast-mes-bast, beloved of
Hershcf, Avho is king of both jilains, the giver
of true princedom, giving life eternally." It is
thus dedicated in honour of the king, l)iit a
pi'iiyer for the donor is addrd bcloAV, ''The
uniter of the two plains give life and licnllli
to Nefekuiba.stet.'' The title of
10 god
DESCRIPTION OF THE PLATES
19
Hershef as king of both plains is well knowii ;
the two plains, taui, refer to the two level shores
of the, Nile, on east and west, and not to the
north and south of Egypt. The title of the
god as " uniter of the two plains," sma taui, is
similar. But the other title, "giver of true
princedom," du liaq mnat, is quite new to us ;
it probably alludes to the king claiming to rule
by right divine, and not by the good pleasure
of his suzerain Pankhy I the Ethiopian. What
was the official position of the dedicator, Ne-
feruibastet, is not stated, perhaps he was the
high priest.
The historical value of this inscription lies in
the mention of the throne cartouche Nefer-ka-
ra. It was not knoAvn before ; nor, indeed, the
fact that any throne name was taken by this
local vassal of the Ethiopians, who was as yet
only known to us by the mention of him on the
"•reat stele from Napata, on which Paukhy re-
corded his victories. This figure shows that in
one of the lowest ages of Egyptian art and
wealth there Avas yet a fine artist to be found,
who could work with the old skill, if not with
the old life of the past. Probably the figure
was hung round the neck of the great statue of
the temple. In the pillage it was lost, and lay
in the rubbish unnoticed Avlien the temple was
pulled down for stone, and even when the pave-
ment was destroyed. A happy chance has
thus preserved what is perhaps the largest
such statuette that has survived the Avreck of
Egypt.
31. PI. ii. (compare the plan, pi. ix).
The view of the temple from the back shows in
the near foreground the foundations of the
sanctuary ; beyond that are the bases of
the columns of the later temple. At the left
side is the brick temenos wall. Across tlie
whole temple rises the lowest course of the
front facade, the quartzite blocks of Ramessu II.
Beyond this is the courtyard, which was about
half cleared when this view was taken. Tlie
hio-h block in the distance is part of an old
rubljish-heap cut away by schahhin ; behind
that on the horizon is the town wall.
The view of the temple from the front shows
the facade wall across the middle of the view.
In front of that are the granite bases of the
front colonnade. The courtyard is the fore-
ground, in which are seen the large pedestals
of masonry for the colossi of Ramessu II.
PI. iii. The view across the hypostyle hall
shows the lines of bases of columns ; the ])ack
wall of the hall is on the left, and the front wall
of the temple on the right, with the colonnade
bases outside of it.
The view across the court is taken in the line
of the colonnade bases ; the front wall of the
temple is on the right, and the fallen blocks of
architrave are in the foreground.
Pis. iv to ix A, have been fully discussed in
describing the ages of buildings in chapters i
to v,
PI. X. The view in the court shows the
remains of pavement on the right, the pedestals
for the colossi, and the front wall of the temple.
At the right of that is seen the corner of the
brick temenos wall.
The stones of foundation with drawn lines
show the traces of the marking out of the
temple of the XVIIIth Dynasty. All such
traces are entered as dotted lines on the plan
pi. \\ ; and the resulting dimensions of the
temple are stated on p. 8.
The granite capital is one of those of the
front colonnade, belonging to the column which
was removed to Bolton. There has not yet
l^ecn publislicd any large j^hotograph of the
palm-leaf capital for architectural study, though
it is a well-known form.
32. PI. xi. The slab of an early king was
found lying face upward, as a foundation stone
of the first temple period, just in front of the
temple facade. It is of fine Old-Kingdom
Avork ; and the style of the hieroglyphs is most
like that on the slab of prince Mena of Dendereh,
at the end of the Vlth Dynasty.
20
EHNASYA.
The slab of Seausert III is part of the top of a
large scene from his temple, which Avas re-used to
build the back wall of the temple in later times.
The block of Ramessu II is part of a figure
of the king, seated in Osiride character, in the
shrine at the Sed festival. See pi. xxi.
The figure of Hakor is from a large flake of
a basalt naos which was found in rubbish to the
east of the courtyard, outside of the temenos.
PI. xii. Two pieces from a tomb of the
Vth Dynasty were found re-used in the
foundations of the hypostyle hall, on the
western side. The surfaces had been hammered
over and defaced, but the figures and signs
shown could just be traced. The first block is
of cutting up an ox. The second shows offer-
ings for a lady Hathor-mert, Avith the inscrip-
tion " proceeding with the geese." Another
fi'agment of a table piled with offerings may be
from the same tomb. Next to that is part of
the head-dress of a king, carved in quartzite
sandstone, probably from a statue of the Xllth
Dynasty. At the bottom is a portion of the
la name of Senusert III. Lastly is a boundary
stone of the temple, a block left rough on all
sides, to be built into a brick wall, and only
flat on the face, which is inscribed simply with
the names of the god Hershef. This was found
outside the front of the court.
PI. xiii. The long lintel of granite was
found re-used as a basement to part of the
Ramesside facade of quartzite. The surface
scarcely showed any traces of inscription ; but
by complete washing, and copying in slanting
sunlight, the signs here were recovered. They
prove of vahie architecturally, as they show the
proportions of jambs to lintel and doorway,
as worked out on p. 7. The design has been a
central cartouche ; at the sides of this Averc
probably Xekhcb and Uazet; then possibly
figures of the king oftering, next seated
goddesses ; and, beyond, the ka name of Senu-
sert III heading a band of inscription of titles
which ran down the jambs on eacli side.
A portion of a jamb of a larger doorway
gives the vulture and uraeus title of Senusert II.
The resulting dimensions of the whole doorAvay
ai'e given on p. 7.
Two other blocks of red granite Avere found
on the north side of the Kom ed Dinar (see plan
pi. xliv). The helindei is fi'om some great
scene, probably of the Xllth Dynasty. On
another side of the same block is a later
inscription of Ramesside age, " Speech of Sekhet
the Great, loved by Ptah." The last block has
part of the end of titles of a king of the Xllth
Dynasty, ma ra zet, " like the sun eternally ; "
the breadth is slightly less than that of the
column on the left hand block ; it was certainly
from a great doorway of equal size, and possibly
from the same doorAvay.
PI. xiv. A limestone fragment, Avhich has
come from a figure of a king, the tip of Avhose
croAvn remains. Before him is the hi name of
Amenemhat III, and in front of that a square
containing the name of his predecessor Senu-
sert III. Probably it referred to additions to
the temple of Senusert by Amenemhat. Next
is a fraiiment of the name of Senusert.
BeloAv are tAvo pieces of titles of queens of
the Xllth Dynasty, found on l:)locks rebuilt in
foundations of the XVIIIth. They read (//iey/)/',
heat f, host nrl, ami urt, "his loved, his praiser,
the great praiser, the great favourite ; " and
Kiifi'it ]timt, mcrt f, (imt iirt, hcst nrt, Shedtiefsu,
"the royal wife, his loved, the great favourite,
the great piaiser, Shedtefsa." This queen was
unknoAvn hitherto. At the right is a jar from
a group of ofterings ; and below ai'c tAvo pieces
of the Horus of Hierakonpolis name of Senu-
sert III, found re-used in the later back Avail
of the temple.
33. 1*1. XV. At the top a portion of a Avail
scene of the Xllth Dynasty, similar to that on
pi. xi. BeloAV is part of a scene of ofterings.
At the bottom part of a cornice of Ramessu II
Avitli cavetto moulding.
Rl. x\i. A red granite ))lock of Akhenaten
DESCRIPTION OP THK I'LATES.
21
was found lying in the Roman house ruius to
the Avest of the temple ; it was greatly defaced,
but a few signs could be traced on a- band
running around it. Owing to the rapid and
intentional destruction of the temples and
palace of Tell el Amarna, the blocks of which
must have been carried away in all directions,
it is not safe to conclude that building of this
age existed either here or at Gurob, where also
a block was found (Illnhmi xxiv, 10).
The drums of white quartzite sandstone
placed beneath the great columns of red granite
have been described, p. lb. They probably
were originally placed beneath columns of
Ijlack l)asalt. The surfaces are much flaked
from the enormous pressure with which they
have been over-weighted ; three bands of titles
of rjamessu II are all that remain upon them.
At the foot of the jilate are two scenes from
the side of the door in the front Avail of the
temple. On the left is Anaaref (a form of
Osiris) seated, giving life to the king ; on the
right is Her-em-akhti similarly, but with the
inscription Mmit mcri/ beloAv. Along the base
line Ave read that " Eamessu establishes monu-
ments in the temple of Hershcf."
PI. xvii. The Avhole of the facade inscription
is here copied, the general appeai-ance of Avliich
behind the pillars is seen in pi. viii. At the top
left is the Avest a iihi, the rest of the top line is the
face of the Avest side of the portico ; the second
line is the Avest of the door ; the thii-d line east
of the door ; the fourth line the face of the east
side of the portico, and at the end is the east
(intd. The dotted [)ortions are restored from
similar passages. All of the full line, except
the .>-•/ ra at top right, are draAvu by tracing
from a series of photographs on a uniform scale.
It is found that the tAvo halves are exactly
symmetrical, point for point, in their length :
so Avhere a bad place in the stone prevented a
sign being spread (such as the bee in the second
line) the Avhole loss of space i'alls on one sign,
and the distance from the mdcn to the tail of
the bee is the same in both cases. At the
beginning (right) of the second line the sculptor
Aveut quite astray Avith the hawk. The whole
reads, after the door jambs just described,
" The Living one, the liorus, the strong buU,
loving Maat, Lord of the festiA^als like Ilershef
and I'tah, the Prince, King of Upper and
LoAver LJgypt, Lord of both plains, User-niaat-
ra-sotep-en-Ra, son of Ra, lord of epiphanies,
Mery-Amen-Ramessu, (festivals) made by him
in his monuments of his father Hershef, king of
both plains." (All diflei'ences between this
reading and that of Dr. Naville have been
verified.)
PI. xviii. The fallen blocks of granite
architrave Avere all j)liotographed to uniform
scale, and traced for this plate. They were
inscribed on both sides, inner and outer ; the
facade (as shoAvn on pi. viii.) of course only
bore the outer inscription. The beginning of
the inscription on eacii Aving Avas lost ; but Ave
cannot hesitate in restoring it from that of the
Avail inscription. This, in proportion, just starts
over the first cohunn Avith Ankh Hor . . .
And the middle space is exactly proportionate
to the height and length of the usual Avinged disc.
80 there is no apparent question regarding the
arrangement of the front. The extreme poverty
of the design is doubtless due to the paralysis
of motive induced by the ceaseless repetition of
the king's name ; the tAvo sides of the A\'all
facade are mechanical copies of one sketch, and
on the architraves the space Avas tilled up by
repeating the personal cartouche a second time.
The engra\'ers Avei-e so uneducated that they
tAvice confused the proper unkh and xa.s of Ka
and Amen. In arranging this plate the inside
east and inside Avest have been Avrougly inter-
chanered : for Avest read east, for east read Avest.
i'l. xix. In Hu' X.W. corner of the portico
the throne of a seated statue Avas found, Avhich
may be compared Avith the base of the felloAv
statue found by Dr. Naville in the X.E. corner
{Alnuid i, c). They both show the traces of
22
EHNASYA.
older work ou the rise at the back of the seat ;
the present one has also an erasure of the
original name ou the belt. The nmterial of
both statues is white quartzite sandstone ; and
it is clear that they are old works— probably of
Sonusert II or Til — re-carved by Ramessu,
which Avill explain the disproportion of the
small face of the figure. {AJiiias, x, A.)
ri. XX. Among the blocks of limestone
re-used in the back wall of the later temple,
Avere two which refer to a Sed festival. The
upper one names the king as lord of the
festival, as on the facade, but the lower block
gives the characteristic scene of the royal
children. " festival of the king " over
one daughter. " Adoration of the king by the
An-mutef priest of the sanctuary " over the
eldest son wearing the side lock. " Adoration
of the king by the Sedtit " over the daughter
carrying the sistrum. " x\doration of the king
made . . . . " The royal daughters and the
eldest son acting as An-mutef. priest appear in
all ages as taking part in this festival.
1*1. xxi. Part of a scene of Ramessu II as
Osiris ill the Sed festival. Two fragments
are below it, the latter apparently being from
some historical scene in Syria naming the
" princely house of Magat," i.e. Megiddo.
PI. xxii. Slab with head of Nekheb, " speech
of Nekheb, Lady of the Temple, excellencies of
all people to the prince."
PI. xxiii. Parts of scenes of Ramessu re-
ceiving offerings. Thei'C is no plate xxiv.
PL XXV. Similar ; also part of a cornice,
with profile ; and part of the name of the
Princess Bantanta.
PI. xxvi. Head of Ramessu; and part of
wall inscription, found south of the portico.
34. PI. xxvii. Steles found in the temple.
I . Offerings to Ptah lord of his southern wall,
lord of Ankhtaui (at Memphis) for the ka of the
fanbearer, royal scribe, general, keeper of the
granary Set-em-hcbu ; of the fortress of his
(king's) serfs ; prince ol' the city ; of the fortress
of the Shairdana. The formula below has an
unusual mention of " Hapi (the Nile) making
alive the reliiit (people), alive all faces."
2. This stele shows Pazesef offering to Her-
shef and Hathor. Dr. Spiegelberg has very
kindly examined both a copy and a photo-
graph of it, and ti'anscribes it as follows : —
1
&]
O
in
■{'
O
III
© . .
V
ro'
VJ-^---M
(=U)
W
T^.^'^'
He remarks that " A continuous text can
hardly be restored. It appears that the man
i','-(j.s/ represented before Arsaphes and Hathor
of Heracleopolis was a ' Shardana soldier of the
great (?) fortress (iihtw) (called) Wsr-iii' '^•t-B^
(Usermarres).' As the stela is later in style
than the XlXth Dynasty, it may well be that
this Usermarres is Osorkon II or Sheshonk III.
Osorkon II had special interests in Hera-
cleopolis : his son Nemrot was general and
chief priest there, and his wife was priestess of
Arsaphes : their son again held the same
position as his ftxther, and his wife was priestess
of the local Hathor (Bhugsch-Boukiant : Livre
du ruis, no. 623-632). If then our Usermarres
was Osorkon II, this fortress may have been
Nemrot's headquarters. We may read in line
4 a record of a donation, but this is doubtful ;
the last lines contain parts of a curse which is
typical of the Libyan period and frequently
appended to deeds of gift." (Si'IKGklreug :
Becaeil de Traraux, xxv, pp. 11)3-S).
3. Stele of Annekht, with three daughters
and boy adoring Osiris, and address to Hershef
below.
4. Fragment of leg of a statue of basalt of
DESCKIPTION OF THE PLATES.
23
fine liitc work, representing Sma-taui-taf-nekht,
who is named as hereditary chief, general of
Henensuten, and great one of the fleet, on
blocks found at Thebes. ( Benson and Gourley,
Temple of Mnt, 375.) Mr. Griffith considers
that he is the same as the admiral Smataui
Tafnekht named under Psamtek {Mon. Div.
3-lg) ; and tliat the king Pankhy named with him
Avas ruler only of Ethiopia.
PI. xxviii. A long sjiliuter from a shrine of
green-black basalt was found outside of the
temple to the east of the courtyard ; portions
of both cartouches of a kino-, one endinfj
sotepen, the other ending with a lion, show that
this is of Hakar (XXIXth Djoiasty), The figure
of the king kneeling is well preserved, and is
shown in photograph on pi. xi. The small
marble base of a statuette bears a Greek in-
scription, partly on the top, partly in front ;
but no one has succeeded yet in reading it.
Several blocks of late temple sculpture Avere
found re-used for buildino- in the late Roman
house L. Some of these seem to fit together ;
and among them is one with both cartouches of
an Antonine emperor, which has been kept at
the Cairo Museum.
35. PI. xxix. The iron tools were all
found together in a burnt house. I cleared
nuicli of it myself, and found that an upjier
storey had collaj^sed in the fire, and the tools
were mixed with coins throughout about two
feet depth of burnt earth. The coins are none
later than the middle of the second century
A.D., as will be seen on referring to the account
of the houses in the next chapter. In the top
line are keys and a lock plate. Below is a
large hammer-head, part of a saw, two leather
cutters (?), and three knives, the last with a
socket to fit on to a handle. Next are three
sickles ; the two outer ones of solid iron, the
inner one grooved, with a steel blade inserted,
as shown in the sections. At the base is jiart
of a sword, a flesh-hook, a pruning-hook, a box-
catch, and a large hoe. The value of these lies
in their beinii' a lar"re addition to the well-dated
tools that are known.
Objects not Drawn. Some objects are worth
mention though they have not been figured in
the plates. Portions of limestone columns were
found, apparently of the Xllth Dynasty by the
work. By careful measurement of the larger
piece, giving nearly a diameter, it was 28'5
inches in extreme diameter. This piece was of
the same order as a colunni of the XYTIIth
Dynasty figured by me in Tell el Amariia, pi. vii ;
the fragment showing eight broad bands of basal
leafage around the drum, with four narrower
plain bands between each pair. The Ijroad
bands were 4' I wide, the four narrow ones
were 6 "9 wide together. There was a central
dowel-hole of G*l wide. Other fragments only
showed the narrow bands, the breadths of which
indicate diameters of 2o'5 and 23'8 inches. If
these all belong to one size of column they
would show a tapering of 28'5 to 23-8 or 100
to 81 in diameter. The granite columns show
a taper of 1 00 to 82 up to 1 00 to 87. in different
examples. But as a weaker material involves
a greater tapei", this diminution of about 10 to
8 would not be too great for limestone. Thus
the limestone columns were of just the same
size as the granite colunuis which still survive.
There was also a fragment of a limestone
clustered column, of probably eight stems. The
breadth of the stem was 8'1, and projection of
it 4 7 ; this implies a diameter of about 29*0
over all, or tlie same size as the other columns.
There are also fragments of clustered columns
of red granite, of about the same size, lying
outside of the temple on the west, one with the
vulture of .Xekhcb engraved on it. Thus it is
evident that there were columns of red granite
and of limestone, of both types, uniform in size,
in the early temple here.
Of the XVlIIth Dynasty there were found a
small scarab of Talmtmes III (the hiu'jier
winged), and a roughly-made head of Hathor
in green glaze of that age ; they lay between
24
EHNASYA.
the stones of the first course over the pa\-ement,
at the back of the temple. Two rosettes of
sheet copper gilt were foimd in the temple, such
as belonged to the temple of Amenhotep II
at Thebes {Six Temples, iii, 17). A small eye
was found from a statue : the pupil aud iris
of quartz crystal, the white of marble, set
in a bronze socket. Small green glazed pot-
tery figures were found of Isis with double
crown, and with ad on head. Bast, Tahuti,
Taurt with plumes, Nefertum?, the compound
Khnumu-Ptah-hawk, the double lions with a
disc between them, and the snake. This
diversity of deities without a single figure of
Hershef is a curious point. Portions of a
compound sceptre of milili. and uas, such as
Hershef is figured as holding, were also found
of green glazed pottery.
Of later date were two gold octodrachms of
Arsinoe II. They were not in the least rubbed,
l)ut rather bruised, probably from repeated
shifting of the bags in the treasury. They lay
in a mud road by a large building north of the
temple. Two solidi of Valentinian were found ;
one with RESTITVTOR IlEIPVBLICAE,
SMNE, and the emperor holding labarum and
Victory, from the ground close to the east
temenoswall; the other Avith VOTA PVBLICA,
SMTR, and two emperors enthroned, from the
rubbish on the top of Kom ed Dinar.
Pis. xxx-xxxiv. The pottery is described
in chapter viii.
36. PL XXXV. Plans of Roman houses.
No. 1 shows part of the cellars of the house from
which came the inscription of Antoninus, the
blocks of late tera[)le sculptures (the places of
which are marked), and the large capitals on
pi. Ixx, 7, 8 (in additional plates). No. 2 is
house K, of the third century, in which the iron
tools were found. No. ;} is a house further
east from the temple. No. 4 is a part of tlie
large house V. of the seventh centui-y a.d. in
which both coins and pottery were found ; it
seems to have had a lartre hall with cokunns of
stone, but it had been much altered. These
plans were made by Mr. Ayrton, who had
charge of this part of the work.
Pis. xxxi to xlii are described by Mr Currelly
as follows : —
Pis. xxxvi-xxxviii show pottery of pure
Egyptian forms.
PI. xxxix gives XVIIIth Dynasty pottery
forms.
The majority are the ordinary red pottery.
No. 7 is a yellow with black rim.
No. o2, the juglet, is a well known Syrian
vase, but seldom found in Egypt.
Nos. 35, 3G, 37 are forms kno-^ra in Cyprus
and Phoenicia, and were imported into Egypt in
great numbers during the XVIIIth Dynasty.
No. 28 is the Eastern pilgrim bottle.
No. 34 is a form that is rare and its home
unknown.
PI. xl shows a number of XVIIIth Dynasty
things from the cemetery at Gurob. No. 1 is a
scarab found near tlie first cemetery. 2 is the
coloured faience in white, green, and brown
enamel ; the colours were particularly soft and
rich. This is of the time of Amenhotep II.
The scarab 3 shows the form of the Nile perch.
No. 4 was found with the stele on pi. xli. No.
7 shows a king sacrificing a fisli. This scarab
was particularly rough in make but Avell en-
graved. No. 8 is a fish-shaped seal. No. lU
is an eye from a cartonnage, several of these were
found without any remains of the cartonnage.
The white was usually a piece of bone, and the
pupil was furnied by fastening a round piece of
crystal or glass on with some pitch.
Nos. 1 1 and 1 1 show rings of alabaster of
Avhicli the use is not knoAvn. This form, as
seen in 16, is also frequently in carnelian. They
are confined to the XVIIIth and XlXth
Dynasties, and Professor Petrie has suggested
that they Avere used as ornaments in the hair.
No. 15 is an alabaster ear ornament.
No. 16. This group of a carnelian ring and
DESCRIPTION OF THE PLATES.
25
the black and white glass beads is of the
time of Tahutmes III. The pendant 1 0 is
also of this technique. No. 17 is an alabaster
kohl pot, No 18 a piece of XVII 1th Dynastv
screen glaze.
No. 20 is a pottery votive offering of the
XVIIIth Dynasty, probably dedicated after
child-birth. In this one there is a child near
the feet, bnt in many found at Naukratis merely
the nude figure of the woman is shown.
Most of these latter ones Avere in stone.
Nos. 22-27 Avere found in one of the fish
tombs. The pots were of the ordinary red clay :
the carving of the fish is particidarh' rough, as
was also the Hathor head 27.
PI. xli. The ushabti figures shown here are
of the cheap kind. No. 1 is a very poor
wooden one with a dummy inscription, and the
others show either fantastic or poor workman-
ship. All are of the XlXth D\Tiasty. Tlie
stele, which Avas damaged, was found in some
rubbish. C. T. C.
i'l. xliii. The views of Bute taken by Mr.
Currellv will give some idea of the area. In
No. 1 the S.W. end of the northern toAvn is
seen on the left, and the temenos mounds in
the distance. No. 2 is taken from the temenos
wall, looking across the pits in the temenos to-
Avards the northern town. No. 3 shoAvs the height
of the temenos Avail still remaining, seen from in-
side the N.E. gate. No. i is the same gate from
the outside. Nos. 5 and G shoAv the Roman towns
as cut about by the nebakh diggers ; they have not
yet touched the central parts, Avhich are still
streAVTi Avith lichen-covered potsherds. Nos. 7
and 8 show a laro;e hawk of broAvn-red granite,
Avliich is lying at the W. edge of the northern
toAvn.
PL xli v. The plan of the mounds of Ehnasya
is copied from the excellent map of Wilcken
and Schiifer ; but the jDositions of the mounds
are of but small meaning, as all those on the
north are Mohamed Aly's Avaste from nitre
Avashing and were originally in some other
phice now flattened down ; also large mounds
on the west (here omitted) are similarly recent,
and the material stood someAvhere else. The
Kom ed Dinar is tlie oldest rubbish mound here,
containing nothing later than the Roman age,
whereas the mounds on the east side continue
to be added to doAvn to the present day by the
A'illages built over them. The thick Roman
Avail to the south I identified, but had not time
to dig to find the continuation of it. The plan
given in Aluiaa, jil. xiii, was fi'om a A^ery rough
sketch, and is quite erroneous. Tlie small map
betAveen the Favum and the Nile serves to shoAv
the relative position of all the best knoAvn sites
of antiquities of the district.
The plan of Buto is fully described in
Chapter X.
26
EHNASYA.
CHAPTER VII.
THE ROMAN HOUSES.
37. The whole of the visible parts of the great
mounds of Ehnasya, the ancient Heracleopolis
Magna, consists of houses and rubbish heaps of
the Roman, Coptic, and Arabic periods (see pi.
liv). On the Avest of the site is the gi-eat mound
of Kom ed Dinar, which is of the Ilnd to IV th
century a,d., and has been formed by throwing
out rubbish from the houses south and east of
it. In the midst of the mounds are houses of
the Vth to Yllth century, and on the eastern
edge of the ruins habitation has continued
doAvn to the present village of Ehnasya. This
gradually moving of a town is like that of
Medinet el Fayum, where the Xllth Dynasty
temple is about two miles from the modern
town, and the mounds between represent the
intei'mediate history.
It was manifestly hopeless to do anything
toward clearing such an enormous mass of town
ruins, of a period already so well known. But
from past experience at Tanis, I hoped that the
burnt houses would repay excavation, as many
objects left behind at a fire were not worth
removal anciently. None of the houses proved
to contain as much as at Tanis, and no burnt
papyri were found ; but some gave groups of
pottery and figures which were tolerably dated
by the coins found with them. Such groups
are here publislicd for comparison of datings,
the terra cotta figures and lamps in photograph,
the pottery in outline.
Some account of the general contents of the
houses may here be given, in order of time.
Each house was designated by a letter when
found and everything irom it was so marked ;
these letters of reference are quoted here. All
notice of the pottery lamps is left to the
description' of the types of lamps treated to-
gether.
38. Third Gent. a.b. House K was ap-
parently that of an ironmonger. I took many
coins from the earth which had fallen as brick-
work from the upper storey at the fire. Most of
these were large Alexandrian brass of Trajan to
Antoninus, much worn ; one large brass of Philip
was in sharp condition, and none of the smaller
coins could be later than this reign, or possibly
Gallienus, by their size, but nearly all wel-e too
much corroded to be cleaned. The house then
may be dated to Avithin ten years of 250 a.d.
A great variety of terra cotta figures was found
here : Harpocrates, standing draped, and seated
nude ; Aphi'odite holding her hair ; Ceres (?)
seated on a throne ; the common figures of girls,
seated on the ground, and holding uja tlieir
hands; an acrobat striding, with a palm branch;
a Roman comic actor ; an ostrich, a fire altar,
a basket chair, and many other subjects, which
may be seen in the supplementary plates.
The pottery from here is buff'-faced, with
black pattern (No. HI, pi. xxviii) ; many frag-
ments of large vases with coarse painting in
black and red, of fish, spirals, &c. ; and the
forms Nos. 24, 38, 40, 47, 57, 64, 71, 72, 92,
93, 94, 96, and 123. No. 47 is interesting as
being inscribed "1 Khoi(nix)"; it contains
about 4G cubic in, up to tlie neck, or 5l) up
to the brim. Being merely of rough pottery
inscribed before baking, and without any ad-
justment, it cannot have been accurate, and we
THE ROMAN HOUSES.
•27
cannot be certain to wliat extent it was intended
to be filled ; but it is the only example thus
inscribed, so far as I know. It is too small for
the Attic chaenix, 70 cubic in. ; but it might
be double the Egyptian hon, about 58 in.,
and termed a chcenix in Greek Egypt. Besides
this pottery there was a great quantity of iron
tools, most of which had fixllen from the upper
storey : sickles, hoes, pruning hook, sword, flesh
hook, axehead, saws, knives, many keys, nails,
and fragments shown on PL xxix. Some
globular beads of blue glaze, roughly ribbed,
were a coarse form of what are known from
Pompeii. There were also some of the common
bronze dippers.
House M was near K, on the south, and
apparently of the same age from the similarity of
the objects. A few figures occurred, of the usual
seated female type, and a curious goddess of
the palm trees, with a lamp niche below. The
forms of pottery are given in Nos. 50, 51, 62,
73 (thin polished red copied from metal form),
74 (with strainer on top), 83, 84, 85, and 89.
An iron hoe with a socket parallel to the blade
is an unusual form found here.
House N contained figui'es of the same style ;
but as three of them are more classical in tlic
drapery, and a Harpocrates holding a club has
a proper Egyptian headdress, this group may
perhaps be rather earlier.
House G seems by the figures to be of the
Ilird century also ; in it were figures of a
bird, a shrine, the remai'kable negro-head vase
(pi. xlix, 69), and a piece of hard yelloAv pottery
dish with notched pattern round the side.
39. Fourth Gentunj a.d. House H contained
many pagan figures, but the coins seemed to be
of the IVth century, and one of Constantine II
was legible. The terra cotta figures are of
Harpocrates, standing and seated, and one
draped holding a club ; a draped girl holding a
tambourine (?) ; a man with shield and battle-
axe ; the crowned bird with a basket of fruit
before it, probably the great Beuuu that was
sacred here; the crocodile, camel, and seated
baboon. Some plaster moulds for making terra
cottas of a female bust, seated figure, and lamp
were found with these. The forms of pottery
are shown in Nos. 21, 41, 42, 56,59, 75, 86, 99,
100, 101, and 133. Some bronze vessels, a
vase, and a cooking pan were also found, with
an iron hoe like that at the base of pi. xxix.
House B also contained pagan figures, but
had a coin of Constantius II. The figures were
of Aplu'odite and a crocodile, and a glazed head
of Horus. The pottery was clearly later than
that of tlie previous houses. The large stamped
dishes come in No. 1, and painted dishes No. 4;
also Nos. 8, 9, 10, 11, 16, 20, 26, 35, 36, 43,
48, 55, 58, 63, 61;, 07, 77, 78, 79, 80, 88, 102,
103,104, 105, 119, 125, J26, 127, 131,132,
134, and 135. The fine close ribbino- of the
cooking pots (66), and the long nari'ow am-
jihoras (134), are the new classes which accom-
pany the large flat decorated dishes in this
Constantine age. There was also a dome-
topped weight of alabaster of 2 kedets (294
grains), the latest stone weight that can be dated.
Of glass, there were many pieces of cylindrical
bottles with a wide brim and one vertical handle.
Of bronze, a foot of a vase with a female bust.
House D again has a mixture of pagan
figures, of Isis, Serapis, shrines, Ac, with a small
coin, reverse VOT. V MVLT. X, of the middle
of the IVth century. The pottery is shown in
Nos. 2 (with the cross), 15, 25, 39, 44, 49, 53,
65, 68, 69, 76, 97 (purple pattern on hard drab
ware), 112, 129, and 130.
House F had a coin of Tacitus, and a small
one, VOT. V, of the IVth century. The only
pottery was a dish with a notched or " started "
pattern ; there was some glass blown in a
mould, and a handle pinched into a row of
ridges along it.
40. Fifth Cent n 11/ a.d. House C contained
but little pottery and small objects. It is ap-
proximately dated by a plaster jar-sealing with
a cross in relief, €Y in the first quartei", h in the
28
BHNASYA.
third, and N in the fourth, probably €YEHN
(OC) ; this is of the style of the late IVth or
early Vth century. As against putting it too
late there is a pagan female head in terra cotta,
and a crocodile head in limestone. The brim
and twisted handle of a thin bronze jug also
remained. The only pottery was a little jug
(No. 81), which is moulded in two halves and
joined together, a veiy unusual form.
House L was a large and important mansion,
with many pilasters and capitals of stone.
These date it to about .500 a.d., as they closely
resemble the Avork of Theodoric. No pottery
(except a few lamps), and no small objects, were
found here.
41. Seventh Gentnri/ a.d. House A is dated
by the small Alexandrian coins of Heraclius ;
and it is evidently much later than the preceding
houses from the very rude terracotta figures
whitened and painted (pi. lii, 132-7). There were
some fine scraps of yellow and blue glass, and
a bronze dipper. Of the pottery No. 3 may be
a piece of an older plate surviving ; and No. 37
looks also to be rather of the IVth century
style. The large amphoras (Nos. 1 37, 1 38) seem
scarcely later than the Vth century, judging
by the very much worse forms used Ijefore
Arab times. But the bulk of the pottery is
distinctly of the late forms, as Nos. 28, .54, 70,
107, 110. No. 17 is of hard yellow salmon-
coloinvd facing, with brown lines. The three-
handled vase (No. 109) is unusual. Some
things therefore agree well to the dating by
coins ; of the others several may be later than
we should suppose, and one or two may l)e
survivals in use. There does not seem enough
evidence to prove a general mixture of periods.
House E. A great mass of copper coins
were found together in a skin on the floor ; a
large part were of Anastasius, Justin, and
Justinian, but all much worn ; and the date of
deposit was well fixed by a great (quantity of
Alexandrian coins of Heraclius. The house was
a line mansion, having a large atrium with
stone columns ; but this had suffered changes
long before the Ijurning of the place. The
pottery(Nos.23, 52, 61, 98,108, 113—117,120,
121, 122, 124) all agrees to the late date; but
the amphora (136) seems to be of the IVth
century, to judge by No. 134, and the general
style. No. 23 is a curious pan with four cups
on the brim of it, united at the top by cross
handles. Of bone there is a piece of rude late
work, and some cvlindrical drautrhtsmen. Of
glass a piece of mosaic pavement, of irregular
pieces of sheet glass ; and a very large coarse
bead of red glass. Of bronze there is an
upright vase of late form, some castanets, and a
small cylindrical cup on six legs, perhaps an
incense burner.
Eighth Genturi/ a.d. Latest of all are two
of the most rudely simplified forms of lamps
(G 98, 99), a piece of bone with foliage carving
in relief, and some small early Arabic copper
coins, which point to about the Vlllth century.
42. One general result from these houses is
the late use of pagan terracottas. Not only are
they abundant in the Ilird century, but they
last to the middle of the IVth, and even into
the Vth century. This shows that there was a
large amount of paganism continuing till long
after Constantine ; although we hear of the
early dominance of Clu-istianity in Egypt. It
would be hard to suggest that the burnt houses
all belonged to the unpopular pagan minority ;
but yet, so far as the ol)jects go, we should
suppose that Christianity had solely made its
way during the century or two after Constan-
tine, and was unknown before. The evidence
of the temple of Hersheii shows an earlier decay
of paganism. Building in some temple — pre-
sumably this one — was going on under Anto-
ninus, as is shown by cartouches of his on a
stone re-used in house L. i3ut the bulk of tlic
stone was removed in the third century ; for
after that was taken, and the earth had accu-
mulated over the foundations, a fresh pit was
sunk to get out the deeper stone, and the
THE ROMAN HOUSES.
29
pottery which was thrown into that pit was
not later than the end of the Ilird century, or
early IVth. It seems then as i[' the temple
had been surreptitiously pulled to pieces in the
Illrd century during pagan times, and then the
site was frankly worked out as a quarry under
Constantine. To unite these views we are led
to suppose that official temple worship fell into
disuse after the Antonines, while yet the
domestic honouring of the old gods went on
more or less incongruously for one or two cen-
turies longer. Probably as animal worship fell
into discredit under Roman and Christian in-
fluences, so the pagan world fiivoured Horus
Avorship the more ; and thus Isis and Horus
became the popular deities of paganism, until
at last they were taken together into Chris-
tianity, where no such worship had existed
before. That tliey should continue as the most
popular feature of mediaeval Christianity, is
similar to the popularity of the Mecca pilgrimage
and the black stone of the Kaabah, which were
similarly taken over into Islam, with which they
had no connection.
30
EHNASYA.
CHAPTER VIII.
THE POTTERY. Plates XXX-XXXIV.
43. TnE houses which we excavated have
supplied a variety of forms of pottery, much of
which is tolei'ably well dated by the coius aud
other things found with it, as we have noticed
in describing the houses. Though this collection
of 138 forms is too meagre to form a corpus,
yet it may serve as a dated nucleus for a full
co'qnis of forms to be compiled in future. The
numbers are therefore only consecutive reference
numbers, and not arranged for the ^Durpose of
permanent indications. The order of the forms is
the same as in the corpii>i of prehistoric pottery ;
the most open at the begining, and the most
closed at the end. But within each class of
similar forms they are placed here in the order
of age, so as to illustrate the changes.
Nos. 1-3 are the large flat dishes of polished
hard red ware, sometimes called " imitation
Samian," The patterns are all stamped by hand
in small portions.
No. 4 is of a rather yellower ware, painted on
the inside with a thistle.
Nos. 5-22 are various small bowls and cups.
No. 17 is of a thin hard yellow ware with brown
lines.
No. 23 is a very strange form of coarse brown
pottery. A large bowl or pan has four cups on
the edge of it, communicating at their bases
with the hollow brim of the pan. Flat handles
stretched from cup to cup at the top. Only
fragments of this form have been found.
Nos. 26-28 have peculiar broad flat brims. It
is curious how late Roman forms revert to the
same type as late Egyptian forms of the XlXth
Dynasty. These broad brims, the three-handled
vase (N"o. 109), the ribbed jars (36-38), and the
very small necks (as 83), all belong to both
times of decadence. No. 26 has a loop pattern
of a broad white line.
Nos. 30-32 are very common forms in the
later Eoman pottery.
Nos. 33-34 are proliably of the sixth or
seventh century.
Nos. 35-39 are characteristic ribbed pottery
of the pre-Constantine age.
No. 40 has traces of the flower pattern yet
left, otherwise it would seem by the general
look to be later.
No. 46, with the knob at the base, and the
wide mouth with a brim, seems intended to be
lashed on to a water wheel, like modern jars of
the same form.
Nos. 47-49 might all l)e measures, as 47 is
marked " 1 Khoi(nix)." This contains 40 cubic
inches to the neck, or 59 to the l)rim: but it
is not likely to be accurate as it is not adjusted
after baking.
No. 54 is a very unusual form.
No. 57, with white spots on the shoulder,
might have been expected to be later.
No. Gl, with broad bands of red, must be of
the seventh century from the date of the house.
44. Nos. 62-70 are all cooking jiots ; such
forms are generally found much smoked outside,
and often clogged with organic matter. They
belong to the Constantine age, and vary in form
later on.
Nos. 71-88 are all one-handled jugs. 73 of
hard thin red ware, is copied from a metal form.
74 has a strainer at the mouth, aud a haii<lle to
TEE POTTERY.
31
carry it by ; the face is whitened. 75 has also
a strainer tojD. 81 is curiously moulded in two
halves and joined together, not made on the
wheel like all the others.
The painted jugs (88, 90-93, 97) are the very
close of classical designs, showing the greatest
degradation; while in the Vllth century, 98
has frankly gone on to barbaric ornament, which
might be prehistoric.
No. 89 and onwards are nil two-handled
vases. 108 is copied from a form of beaten
metal, probably of the Vlth or Vllth century
by the style. The exaggerated forms (as 108,
115, 116, 117) are all very late: they are like
the forms in Coptic wood turning, often coloured
red and yellow and polished.
No. Ill is interesting as a later survival of
classical vase painting than we should have
expected, as this is dated closely to 250 a.d.
No. 119 is restored from fragments, and has
been supposed here to ha^•e been a vase ; but it
seems quite possible that it was a camel laden
Avith four amphoras, and painted with trappings.
No. 122 is a very curious thick ware deco-
rated with deeply incised lines, the pattern
of which is difficult to identify.
Nos. 123-12-1 are covers for jars.
Nos. 125-120 are barrel bottles which I also
found at Tanis of the same period. They are
usually of salmon-coloured ware, with red face,
and very liable to flake.
The amphoras are still well formed at the
beginning of the IVth century, as 130-132.
But they run down to ruder forfiis until they
are far rougher and smaller than 138 by the
time of the Arab conquest. It is notable how-
nil of these have well-marked ribbing con-
tinuous from the neck to rather below the
middle ; then a confused space, and then avcU-
marked ribbing continuous to the point. It
seems as if they were made in two separate
halves, and joined together last of all. An
actual example of a half amphora, finished to
an edge ready for joining to the other linlf.
was also found.
32
EHNASYA.
CHAPTEE IX.
THE CEMETERIES OF SEGMENT AND GUROB.
By C. T. Currelly.
45. While Dr. Naville was excavatine; at
Ahnas, or Ehnasya, he spent a short time in the
desert opposite the town searching for its
cemetery. The tombs which he opened did not
by any means account for the numbers at which
he wouki estimate the population of Ahnas, so
in his report he expressed the belief that the
main cemetery Avas yet unknown. The ceme-
tery already knoAvn is about two miles south
of the village of Sedment, and about three-
quarters of a mile back in the desert. Here in
some small limestone hillocks the tombs lay in a
compact group.
The first search was made near where Dr. Na-
ville had Avorked, to see if any tombs had escaped
the notice of his workmen, Avho were villagers
without former training in such Avork, Three
or four days, however, shoAved that wha,tever
skill had been lacking in the Avorkmen had been
well made up by the excavator, as only a few
previously plundered tombs rcAvarded a careful
search Ijy our skilled Quftis.
46. In a northward seai'ch tAvo Roman ceme-
teries were examined. Just opposite the village
of Sedment are indications of a Roman ceme-
tery of considerable size. On examination this
proved to be very large, and was probably the
cemetery of the Roman Herakleopolis. Near
the present village are Avell-made brick tombs,
but as later tombs Avere made further out in the
desert, they became more and more careless, till
those about three-quarters of a mile from the
village are mere holes in the ground. In some
a small amount of brickwork supports one side,
but only those immediately by Sedment could
be called brick tombs. The bodies had been
Avrapt up, often in coarse canvas only, and
placed in pits, from tAvo to five feet deep. Many
of the tombs Avere opened, but nothing Avas
found with the bodies.
Directly Avest from Sedment a cemetery Avas
found near the cultivation on the Fayum side.
Hence the burials Avere of the most careless
kind, being merely small pits from two to six
feet deep, into which from one to ten bodies
had been roughly throAvn. Only one burial
had any protection for the mummy. The body
lay between tAvo rows of large bricks placed
on their sides, across Avhich another row Avas
laid to form a covering. In this tomb the body
was wrapped, and the skull showed that death
had been the result of a blow from an axe.
This and the number of men carelessly thrown
into pits might indicate that the place was a
battle-field. A large number of pits Avcrc
opened, but only a few pots Avere obtained.
47. In tbe search soutliAvard, a few scattered
tombs Avere found, but there is nothing that can
be called a cemetery. The largest number of
tombs found together Avere near the cultivation,
just opposite the mounds of Ehnasya. There
were tAvo distinct forms of tomb. Those nearest
the cultivation liad the axis parallel to it, i.e.,
north and south, and Averc pits Avithout brick-
THE CEMETERIES OF SEDMEXT AND OUROTi.
33
work, 8 ft. by 3 ft., and about (! ft. deep. At
about 4 ft. from the surface the sides were
hollowed out to receive the mummies. This
form of tomb is common in the Vlth Dynasty.
Unfortunately, all had been re-used at least
once. All had been rifled by the time of the
XVIIIth Dynasty, re-used during tliis period,
rifled again, and most of them re-used during
Roman times. The Roman burial was often
carelessly made on top of the broken coffins of
the XVIIIth Dynasty.
The other type was the regular XVIIIth
Dynasty tomb. The axes were east and west,
with the tomb chamber at either end of the pit,
but in these there was only one chamber. In
none of them was the floor of the pit level ; it
always sloped in rough steps down to the tomb-
chamber.
In two cases the pit, instead of being of the
usual form, 7 ft. by 3 ft. G in., was square,
3 ft. f) in. by 3 ft. (') in. J^arge pieces of shale
had fallen from the roof, and completely broken
up the burials. Each tomb contained more
than one burial, but as the water reached to the
chambers most of the bones had decayed.
As will be seen from plates xxxvi — -viii, the
pottery showed little variation. The majority
of the vases are of the coarse red clay, without
any ornament. The few painted examples had
either lines running around the pot or a simple
jjeometric design. A few were of a liuht
yellow clay, ornamented with black stripes
(|)1. xxxix, 7). There were a few pots of the so-
called Phoenician type (pi. xxxix, 35, 3()), but
most of these were in such ])ad condition that
only the necks remained.
Nearly fourteen square miles of ground were
searched, but no cemetery was found. This
covered the area that Avould seem to be the
probable distance to which bodies would be
carried. If the bodies were brought by water,
the cemetery may be under the village of Sed-
ment, or they may have been taken even to
Gurob, though the latter is not probable.
Tomhs at Gurob.
48. A little north of the Gurob dyke a
wady runs westward towards the high hills
that divide this district fi'om the Fayuni. In
its bed the first unopened tombs wei'e found.
Qui' ])est tomb hunter noticed that in one
place the rock was softer than the regular lime-
stone, and forcing with difiiculty a hole into this
slightly softer mass, he found sand below. Fif-
teen to thirty inches of gypsum encrustation
had formed over the tops of these tombs ; yet
there was not one that had not been plundered
later than Ramesside times. All had been re-
used by the Ramesside peoples, and again
plundered. Of the early burials practically
nothing remained.
49. The Ramesside coffins were of pottery.
The form in all cases was the same, round
and tapering towards the feet. This coffin has
the appearance of being made on the wheel in
one jjiece, with only a half-inch hole left at the
top. When partly dry a cutting is started,
as if to divide the coffin in two, down the long
axis. This goes down for two feet, Avhere
another cut meets it at right angles, and the
piece thus taken oft' forms the lid. AYith the
lid oft" this gives an appearance of a huge
slipper. Many of the coffins arc decorated with
drawings of the genii of the dead and other
religious designs, but the majority had only a
head modelled in low relief on the lid. The
pottery was good, wfU baked, and with a hard
surface.
These had been rifled, and with such care
that nothing of any value had been overlooked.
A fcAV poor pots, a broken glazed-ware croco-
dile, and a piece of pumice-stone, Avere the only
things that remained with the broken coffins.
As quantities of pumice-stone are washed up on
the shores of Crete, this may well have been
washed across the Mediterranean, or may have
been imported. In Roman times pumice-stone
Avas much used in the leather trade, and so it
may well have been in use earlier.
D
34
EHNASYA.
50. Several of the tombs had been re-used |
iu about the first century a.d. All of these
later coffins were alike. The sides, top, and
bottom were of very thin wood, so poorly and
carelessly made that the fragments of shale
foUino- from the roof of the tomb chambers had
l)roken all of them. In everything connected
with the Ijurials the greatest carelessness was
shown. Not even had the trouble been taken
to remove the sand from the mouth of the tomb
chamber, but the bodies had been pushed in,
and left at any angle that the sand might make.
Each tomb was full of bodies. The cartonnages
of the mummies in these wooden coffins were
built up from papyri. Unfortunately the damp
had reduced these to powder, so that it was im-
possible to touch one without at once seeing
everything fall to pieces. The imagination is
almost inclined to run riot on what these thou-
sands of Greek papyri may have contained.
These tombs were of the regular XVII Ith
Dynasty form, a pit from the bottom of which
a chamber ran into the ground. In these the
limestone had been cut through, and the
cliamber dug in a soft shale that underlay the
surface limestone. In the tomb chamber the
slialc of the ceiling and sides liad so broken
away that it was difficult to note tlie original
form, but no regularity seems to have been
o])served. In a few cases a secondary chamber
opened off tlie first. Tliough I found no defi-
nite evidence, it is probal)le tliat the people wlio
re-used the tombs enlarged the original chamber,
and may have added the secondary one.
51. North of this wady and nearei' the
cultivated land we found a small liillock tliat
was thickly pitted with tombs. This fortunateh'
had beciii overlooked by the modern digger.
[n many places in this district the rock has
cracks about a foot wide runninsi- alonu' at the
surface, and in these Ave found a iiumlic'r of
babies buried, at a depth of about 20 inches.
In one case !i reed msit Avas undei'noath the body
and the black and Avhite glass beads with the
carnelian ring on plate xl, 1 fi were with another.
These beads are of the style made during the
reign of Tahutmes III.
52. At about forty inches under the sui'face
a larse number of animal heads Avere found
interred. These had been buried together,
evidently Avith considerable care. There Avas
nothing Avith them to give evidence of the date
at Avhich they had been buried ; but as every-
thino- else found on the knoll Avas of the latter
part of the XVIIIth Dynasty, it is reasonable to
place these heads as of that date also.
53. LTnfortunntely here also no tombs had
escaped the robbers in ancient times, but
several things that they had overlooked Avere
discovered in the rubbish. The foAV scarabs
foiuid showed the burials here to belong to the
period of Hatshepsut and Tahutmes III (1516
— 1449 B.C.) and this Avas fui-ther proved by
the beads. Some ver}' good glass, commonly
called Phoenician glass, Avas found, and also
some good alabaster boAvls and diorite kohl
pots. In tAVO of the tombs fragments of Aegean
false-necked vases were found. One was deco-
rated Avith broad bands of black, and the other
had this decoration filled in Avith narroAV lines
about H) in. apart betAveeu the broader bands,
and around the neck the dotted lily design. The
style is that of the decadence of Aegean art,
and is spoken of by Mr. Evans as the ])oi'iod of
partial reoccupation at Knossos.
54. A very short distance cast of this
mound there Avas a i-ow of circular pits, and
great nnmbers of bleached liones and pieces of
coarse canvas Avcrc stn^win"' the o'lMinid.
Tliese tombs Avcrc of the early Christian period.
The tombs Avere in regular roAvs. A more or
less circular hole of about four feet diameter
and Avidening outtoAvards the bottom descended
to a depth of from four to six feet. Although
there Avas no sign of the bodies having been
disturbed at a later period, I could not see any
skeletons in ])lace. l*]ither the bones were
throAvn in, or li'om ten to tAventy bodies wcii'c
TUF, OEJIKTERIES OF SEDMEKT AKD GUKOB.
33
carelessly drojDped into the pit. A cross or two,
a Christiau palm-brancli lamp, and a roughly-
carved dove (sec plate xlii) showed the tombs to
be Christiau aud of about the IVth ceutur\'.
The dove carved in wood shows how long
certain things may survive. Over the screen in
chapels in the Cretan mountains such doves are
placed to-day. The size, form, and method of
inserting the wing is the same.
Near these circular pits were some tombs
that had been re-used at about the same time.
The bodies were roughly wrapped, and had been
stacked in the tomb one above another. But
there Avas some idea of regularity ; for instance,
bodies were lying with the axes east and west,
though the heads were not all to the east.
These I took to be jjagans. Could the Christian
protest against paganism have shown itself in
this tottd and unnatural disregard for the body ?
55, About half a mile south of the temple
site we found some prehistoric graves. The
plunderers had left very little. One whole put
and some sherds were obtained. This was of the
tall cylinder shape, and decorated by red lines
dividing the surface into lozenge-shaped spaces,
of Avhich the long axis is vertical. This type
comes near the close of the prehistoric period.
Unfortunately the pot was so l)adly decayed
that it fell to pieces shortly after we found it.
56. A short distance south of the temple a
cemetery for burying sacred fish was found.
Here, at a depth of Irom 20 to 35 inches below
the surface, were the remains of a large number
of the sacred Nile perch. As far as could l)e
seen the fish had been buried without any pro-
cess of embalming or other preservation. A
piece of net or a few tish were placed within it,
and then the hole Avas filled up Avith ashes. One
of the pits Avas brick-lined, and one of these
bricks Avas stamped Avith the cartouche of Ila-
messu II. A search Avas then made, and in a
Avall in the cemetery a brick Avas fovmd stamped
Avith the cartouche of Tahutmes III. Near the
fish Avere many oxen interred. As my com-
panion, ■Mr. L. Loat, has made special study
of Nile fishes, the full account of this interesting
cemetery is published by him in the annual
A'olume of the Egyptian Research Account.
The draAvine; of an ox in glazed Avare and
the scai-abs came from the site of the temple
Avorked by Professor Petrie Avhen he Avas digging
in the Fayum (plate xl, 2, 3, 7, <S).
It will be seen these show the very things
found in the animals cemetery. No. 2 is an
ox ; No. -J is the Nile perch ; No. 7 is a picture
of the king sacrificing one, and the seal. No. 8,
is in the form of a fish. This led me to think
that the Avorship of these animals Avas a part of
the temple Avorship. The plates of scarabs pub-
lished by Professor Petrie, after he dug the
temple site, hoAvever, shoAv only one Avith a fish
design, but they also shoAV no other marked
design ; so it is possible that the Avorship of
this fish had a prominent place in the Gurob
temple.
The general evidence of the three Aveeks' exca-
vations entirely goes to confirm Professor Petrie's
statement that the toAvn Avas a foreign centre,
and had no existence after the reign of
Merenptah.
The foreign pottery shoAvs intercourse Avith
the Aegean and Phoenicia by sea, and the juglet
(plate xxxix, 32) is evidence of Syrian trade by
caravan.
36
EHNASYA.
CHAPTER X.
THE SITE OF BUTO.
By ^Y. M. F. Petiue and C. T. Currelly.
57. When studying the geography of Ptolemy,
I noticed that the position of Bute was due
nortli of Kabasa ; and as the latter was ahnost
certainly the modern Shabas, and a canal ran
due north from that, the site of Buto was pro-
bably down that canal. "When I visited the
place in 1886 I found a large town and temple-
site in the required position, with a village close
by it named Ibtu. The connection of this name
with that of Buto is said to have been suggested
by RocHKMONTEix ; but it is not in his collected
works, nor was I aware of it -when tracking it
out l)y Ptolemy's position, and publishing it in
Naukratis ii. The identification is accepted by
Mr. Hogarth in his recent discussion of the
district (Jovrii. HelJ. St. xxiv).
After eighteen years an opportunity occurred
of examining this site, and Mr. Currelly went
there in February lOOi, to make some trial pits.
The general results of this examination are
incorporated in the following description of tlie
site.
The sketch-map (pi. xliv), is based on the
official survey of the surrounding field divisions ;
tlie land surveyor not having any business with
antiquities, but only with taxed property, lias
not placed any suggestion of the real sliape of
tlie mounds on the official survey. As I was
expecting to continue work there in future, 1 had
not brought surveying instruments on m>' visit,
and hence the sketch here given was only made
by pacing and reference to the sui-i-ounding
fields.
Tiie first main feature is tlio division of tlic
Roman town (pi. xliii, -5, 0) in two halves, sepa-
rated by the approach to the temple. This
suggests a connection with the dual towns I'e
and Di^'f, in early times ; but as the whole of
the remains now above water-level are probably
not before the Ptolemies, the present configura-
tion need not liave any relation to the ancient
positions of the towns. It is singular that there
is another great dual city, Thmuis-Mendes, in
the east of the Delta. There may be some
common cause for such duality, probably in
separate towns of earlier people and conquerors.
Between the two great mounds the ground
rises but slightly, and has been much dug away
hr sehaJili. ; the large mounds have been simi-
larly dug, so that the house walls stand high
and bare over most of the mounds. At the
north-west of the mounds is a lower rise, which
is the Roman cenieter}'. This ground is full of
pottery coffins, as described beluw. Outside of
this is a ridge, with some large red brick houses
of Roman age. In this cemetery ground a deep
pit, sunk about 30 feet to water level, showed
brick walls at intervals to the bottom. At the
top the pottery was of tlie IV'th century a.d.,
and at tiie bottom was a Greek vase of the
Ilnd century u.c. Hence the town had been
great and flourishing in the Ptolemaic iiiid
Roman time, as 30 feet of ruins had accumu-
lated in five or six centuries. But its eai'lier
history is now hidden beneath the water-level.
58. The temple is b(iiiii(U;d by agreatteme-
nos wall, about 70 feet (40 cubits) thick (xliii,
3, 4). This is thickened by masses built into
THE SITE OF BUTO.
the north-east and north-west corners. The
irregularity of the plan is like that of Tanis, and
probably arose from wishiug to include some
other building beside the temple. Within it is
a brick wall close around the actual temple,
about 25 feet thick. This inner area is parallel
to the south side of the temenos. The space
east of the temple is entirely filled with houses
up to the top of the temenos wall, while there
are other houses not quite so high at the sides ;
the ruins in front are lower. All of these
houses are of Roman age, as far as can be seen
by the pottery. The wall close to the temple
goes doAvn into the water, so its base is un-
known ; but it rises in all about 25 feet over
water, and was therefore over 30 or 35 feet high
originally. This must have completely hidden
the temple ; and as the space inside was only
about 100 feet wide, it scarcely seems as if even
a passage existed between the stone temple and
the brick wall. JMoreover, a bed of sand still
remains banked against this wall at 6 to 7 feet
above water : and that suirorests that the stone-
Avork was built close to the wall.
Throughout the temple area no built stone
was found, although we sunk seven large pits
nearly all to water-level. But great quantities
of quartzite fragments remain all througli the
ground. These are also scattered far and wide
over all the mounds, probably where the
destroyers had worked corn-grinders out of the
temple masonry. The small amount of lime-
stone chiles in proj^ortion to the (piartzite sug-
gests that the temple was internally of quartzite
from Gebel Ahmar, and externally of brick
plastered and stuccoed white ; while limestone
was perhaps restricted to the facade, Avhere fine
detail was required. The sand bed at (i to 7
feet above Avater Avas seen in two pits, and Avas
probably tliat of the last re-building of the
temple, presumably in the XXVIth Dynasty.
But nearly all of it had been carried away,
probably to mix Avith lime for Roman morta)- ;
and the Avhole of the loAver foundations of the
loAver temples seem to have been completely
removed by Roman quarriers. In one place a
roAv of saAvn slabs of stone Avas left by them
stacked together, shoAving hoAV systematically
and completely they made their clearances.
This is also indicated by three pieces of porphyry
jars of the 1st Dynasty, found scattered in
various parts of tlie top of the Roman town, on
the outside mounds. These show that the
Roman destroyers liad dug out the fovmdations
doAvn to the oldest temple, and had scattered
remains similar to those of Hierakonpolis, Avhich
they had found in their clearance. This giA'es
little hope of ever finding much of the early
temple, even if the difficulty of the Avater-level
were overcome.
59. How the loAver part comes to be now
under water is explained, A\dien Ave see Iioav the
coast remains at Alexandria are all submerged ;
and this agrees Avith Mr. Hogarth's report that
the Ptolemaic remains are all now l)ulow Avater.
In the early Arab period the Avhole north of the
Delta seems to have subsided, as is usual Avith
great deltas ; the sea broke in and flooded
what had been the richest nomes, and formed
the great coast lakes of the present time,
studded over with mounds of Roman toAvns.
This subsidence placed all the earlier remains
beneath Avater level ; and here it seems that
the earlier temple levels, and the town before
the Ptolemies, must be resigned as practically
inaccessible.
The denudation of the site is excessive from
the heavy rains (see xliii). Nearly all the north
wall has been washed away ; only ten feet Avidth
of the seventy is left at the to]) of it. The
Avhole Avail is built Avith layers of rushes betAveeu
the bricks to bind them. In the west corner
of the temenos A\all, at 300 from the S.W. and
520 from the N.W., I saAV a discolouration of
the ground, Avhich proved to be a pit thirty
inches square in the brickAvork, filled with earth.
This looked like a fouudation deposit hole; so
we cleared it down through 280 inches of brick-
38
EHNASYA.
wurk and 50 of bard mud, but found notbing 1
below, tbougb we dug 15 in. into unmoved
base mud at the bottom.
W. M. F. r.
60. To the north of the two mounds of
Bute there is a fiat mass of rubbish rising from
20 to 30 ft. above the level of the cultivation.
In this the Roman population of the town were
buried. Denudation and the picks of the sehakh
diggers have laid bare so many of their pottery
coffins that in places the ground is covered with
the fragments. Some of the digging has been
done in the sides of the mound, Avhere ends of
numerous coffins may be seen in section.
61. The first feeling on the sight of the
cemetery was : how strong a contrast the care-
less cheapness of the burials offered to the pious
care with which the early Egyptian laid away
his dead.
There were no regularly built tombs. A hole
Avas dug and in this the body in its pottery coffin
was placed, and the sections now visible show
the conscious or unconscious disorderly super-
position of successive burials. Most of the
bodies lay with the head to the east.
62. The coffins fall into four classes. The
best ones are somewhat the shape of a modern
coffin, but very shallow, and have the ends
rounded. The pottery is of the ordinary coarse
red type. The sides and bottom are about an
inch thick, but the rim widens out considerably
to fit against the flat lid.
The second type is similar, but without the
lid. The body is placed on the ground and the
inverted coffin is placed over it.
The third is a still poorer type. It is merely
two large round pots, each about 3 ft. deep, and
with a broad fiat-topped rim. Into one of these
the head and shoulders Avere tlirust, Avliile the
other was draAvn up over the feet.
Though this method may seem ratlier rough
and ready, it protected the bodies better than
the coffin-shaped pots did ; for while many of the
double pots Avere intact, all the coffins had been
forced in by the pressure of the earth.
Childi-en Avere buried in broken amphorae of
the Avater-pot type. The top Avas broken ott'
and the body placed inside.
The Avorkmanship shoAvn by even the best of
these coffins is very poor and careless, and the
superiority of even the poorest of the slipper-
like Ramesside coffins Ibund at Gurob is very
marked. This is all the more noticeable, as the
pottery, that littered the site in tons, shoAved
very good technique. It is certainly the best
Roman pottery I have seen, and shoAvs that at
Buto the potter's art Avas taken seriously. Imi-
tations of the fourth century black Attic Avare,
and a thin red Avare Avith a beautiful surface,
Avere in such quantities that it seemed that care-
lessness alone could account for the uniform
roughness of the coffins.
A considerable number of coffins Avere taken
out, and deep pits Avere also sunk into this part
of the mound in the hope of finding an earlier
cemetery beneath. A fcAV things Avere found
that Avere probably, but not positively, con-
nected Avith the burials. The only objects of
interest Avere tAvo flask-shaped bottles made of
very thin glass. These are decorated Avith zig-
zag lines of paint, an apparent imitation of the
familiar Greek glass. The models no doubt
Avere ol^tained by robbing tombs, and the pre-
sence of 1st Dynast}' stone boAvls high up in
Roman houses Avould indicate considei'able
plundering, probably in the temple area.
x\s the cultivated area is only tAVO meters
above sea-level, the soil of the mounds is so
damp that nearly all organic matter has long
ago disappeared.
On the edge of tlie mound, just a little north
of the axis of the temple, a very large granite
statue of a haAvk Avas found. The head, the
base, and one Aving Avere mutilated. It is un-
inscribed, but from the style seems to be of
the XXVlth Dynasty. See plate xliii, 7, S.
C. T. (J.
39
INDEX
" Aamu, King of the," scarabs of
. 4
Bubastis column
13
14, 15
Abydos
. 3,7
Burials, details of
.
.
. 4
Aegean false-necked vases
. 34
,, unusual E
gyptian ideal of .
. 3
Almas
13, 15, 25
Buto, views of .
1
25
3G, 38
Akhenateu, red granite lilock of
. 20
Cairo Museum .
. 10
Alabaster bowls . • .
. 34
Carnelian ring .
. 24
,, ear ornament
. 24
Cemetery for sacred fish .
. 35
,, kohl pot ....
. 24
,, Komau
. 3G
rings ....
. 24
Centiu-y third .
fnurth
. 2G
Amenemhat III, ha name of
. 20
. 27
27, 28
,, temple of
. 4
fifth .
Amenhotep II, rosettes of
. 24
,, seventh
. 28
Amen ra ......
. 10
,, eighth
28, 29
Anaaref
. 21
Ceres (?j .
. 2G
Anastasius, coins of .
. 28
Children's coffins
. 38
Animal worship, growing distaste for
. 17
Christianity
Coins
17, 28
Ankhtaui, lord of ... .
. 22
23
,24,
2G
27, 28
An-mutef priest ....
22
Columns of temple
, positions of
. 13
Annekht, stela of ... .
. 22
Constantine II, coin of . . .
. 27
Antef V
. 4
Construction of the temple
7
Antonine Emperor, cartouches of
. 23
Coptic church .
10, 13
Antoniniis, i)lock with names of
12, 17, 24, 28
Currelly, Mr. .
24, 3G
,, coins of .
. 26
Cyprus
. 24
Aphrodite
2G, 27
Arsaphcs, priestess of . . .
. 22
Delta
3(;, 37
,, temple of . . .
1
Dimensions of the
columns
13
M
15, IG
Arsinoe II, coins of .
. 24
of XVIIIth Dyn. temple
8
Asar-riHffrnc/ .....
. 10
Diorite kohl pots
. 34
Atmu
. 10
Drums of white quartzite sandstone
15, 21
.■\ttic cboenix
. 27
Du hay maat, new
title .
. 19
,, wan^
. 38
Dynasty I
. 3,
37, 38
Ayrton, Mr. .
• i, 3, 4, 10, 2J
„ V
„ VI .
. 20
. 33
Bantanta, Princess ....
. 22
.„ XI
. 3,4
Basalt naos, flak(! of ...
. 20
„ XII .
3, 4, 5, G, 7, 8, 10,
11
, 13,
15,
20, 2G
Bast
. 24
„ XVIII
. 3, 4, 5, G, 8, 9,
20
24,
25,
33, 34
Bastet
. 10
„ XIX .
. 3, 6, 8, 9,
15
OO
^^1
24,
25,30
Beliiidet, the
. 20
„ XXIII
. 12
Bowls, alal)aster ....
. 34
,, XXVI .
.
37, 38
Brick contractor, trouble with .
. 1
„ XXIX .
.
. 23
,, walls
• 3, 4, G
„ XXX .
. ■ . •
.
12,19
40
INDEX.
Ehnasya ....
Evans, Mr.
False-uecked vases, Aegean
Festival, Sedheb
Seel .
Gallienus, coins of .
Gebel Ahmar quartzite
Glass bottles .
Goddess of palm trees
Gold statuette .
Granaries
GrifiBth, Mr. .
Giirob
Hakor, basalt shrine of
,, figure of
Hapi
Harpocrates
Hathor
Hathor-mert
Hatshepsut
Henensuten
Heraclius, coin of
Hei'akleopolis
Her-em-akbti
Hersbef .
,, temple of
Hierakonpolis
Hogarth, Mr.
Horus
House A .
„ 13 .
„ C .
„ D .
., E .
„ F .
„ (i .
„ n .
„ K .
„ L .
„ M .
„ N .
Hypostyle Hal
Ibtu ....
Inscription on facade
„ ,, gold statuette
Iron tools .
Isis .
,, worsliip
1, 14, 15, 18, 25, 2G
. 34
. 34
. 9
. 22
. 26
. 37
. 38
. 27
1, 18
. 3
. 14
32, 33, 35
1, 21, 24,
13,
10,
. 2
20, 23
22
26, 27
22, 23, 25
. 20
. 34
3, 18, 23
. 28
18, 22, 26
. 21
18, 20, 22
21, 24
. 37
36, 37
9, 27, 29
. 28
. 27
. 27
. 27
24, 28
. 27
. 27
. 27
24, 26, 27
. 28
. 27
11, 12, 15, k;
. 36
. 21
. 18
. 23
27, 29
. 17
Justin, coins of .
Justinian ,, ,, .
Ka name of Amenemliat III
Kabara
Karnak
Khnumu-Ptah-ha^yk .
Knossos .
Kohl pots .
Kom-ed-Dinard
Levels
Limestone columns .
Loat, Mr. .
Luqsor
Maat
MacGregor, Eev. W.
Magat, princely house of
Medinet Habu .
Megiddo .
Memphis .
Mena, prince of Dendereh
,, tablet of
Merenptah
Mery-Amen-Ramessu
Milne, Mrs.
Napata, stele of
Naukratis
Naville, Dr.
Neferkara
Nefertum (?) .
Neferuibastet .
Nekheb .
Nekht-hor-heb, granite naos of
Nemrot .
Nile perch
Nul>kheper-ra .
Osorkon II
Ox, cutting up of an .
Palm columns .
Pankhy I, the Ethiopian
Papyri cartonnago .
Pazesef
Pef-du-bast-raes-Bast, gold statuette
Pef-du-du-I3asl .
Philip, coin of .
Phoenicia .
Phoenician glass
of
. 28
. 28
. 20
. 36
. 8
. 24
. 34
. 34
20, 24
25, 26
5,6
. 23
1, 35
. 9
. 21
. 13
. 22
. 9
22
. 22
. 19
. 7
7,35
. 21
. 2
. 19
. 25
1, 2, 7,
13, 15
. 18
. 24
18, 19
20, 22
12, 17
22
24, 35
. 4
22
. 20
. 7
. 19
. 34
. 22
1, 18
. 12
. 26
24, 35
. 34
INDEX.
41
Porphyry jars .
. 37
Set-em-hebu ....
. 22
Post-Eamesside temples
. 12
Shabas .
. 36
Pottery ....
. 2G, 28,
30, 31, 33
Shaindana
. 22
coffins .
33, 34, .38
Shardana soldier
. 22
Prehistoric graves
. 34
Shedtef-sa, queen
. 20
Psamtek ....
. 23
Sheshonk III .
. 22
Ptah ....
. 9, 10, 22
Bma-taui-taf-nekht
. 23
Ptah-tiinen
. 10
" Speech of Sekhet "
. 20
Ptolemy, geography ol
. 3G
Spielgelberg, Dr.
. 22
Pumice stone
. 33
Survey of temple ruins
. 2
Ea
. 21
Table of offerings
. 20
Ramesside cotiins
. 33, 34
Tacitus, coin of . . .
. 27
temple
. 10
Tahuti
. 24
Ramesseum
. 9
Tahutmes III . (or Thothmes III)
3, 5,8, 11, 23, 24, .34,
Ramessu II, brick of
. 35
35
as Osiris
. 22
Tanis ....
9
,, collossi of
9, 19
Taurt ....
4, 24
,, temple of
3, 5, ^
', S, 9, 10,
11, 12, 20
Tell el Aniarna ....
. 21
,, quartzite blocks
of
19, 20
Tcmenos wall ....
12, 19, 20, 25, 36, 37
,, sculptured block
of
. 17
Temple, early evidence of
. 3
Rochemonteix .
. 36
Temple walls ....
. 3
Roman cemetery
. 36
Thmuis-Mendes
. 36
,, comic actor .
. 26
Thothmes III (see Tahutmes III)
houses .
• 24,
26, 27, 28
Tombs, Christian
. 35
,, town
. 36
rifled ....
Trajan, coins of . . .
. 34,35
. 26
Sand beds
.5,9
Triads, granite ....
. 1, 9, 10
Saqqara ....
. 1
Schiifer ....
. 25
Uazet
. 20
Sed festival
. 22
Uscr-maat-ra-sotep-cn-Ra
. 21
Sedheb f(islival .
. 9
User-marros ....
. 22
Sedment ....
32, 33
Senus('rt IJ
■1, 7,
15, 20, 22
Valentinian, solidi of
. 24
III .
■i, 7,
15, 20, 22
Serapis ....
. 27
Wilcken .
■
. 25
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